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Ilana Kobiler Miriam Akerman Leah Huberman Dov Prusky 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2011,59(2):166-171
In Israel, black spot caused by Alternaria alternata is the main postharvest factor that impairs the quality and reduces the storability of persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki cv. Triumph). The fungus infects the fruit in the orchard and remains quiescent until harvest. After harvest, the pathogen slowly colonizes the fruit during storage at 0 °C, which elicits black spot symptom development 2–3 months after storage entry. A commercial postharvest dip treatment in chlorine at 500 mg L?1, released from sodium troclosene tablets, effectively controlled black spot in fruit stored for up to 2 months. However, decay incidence increased as the length of storage was extended beyond 2.5 months. The long incubation period that precedes black spot symptom development after harvest enabled the development of a series of integrative approaches for application at the pre- and postharvest stages, in combination with the commercial chlorine dip treatment, to improve the control of black spot disease. Preharvest treatments included treatment with the cytokinin-like N1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N3-phenylurea (CPPU) 30 d after fruit set, or a single spray with the curative fungicide polyoxin B 14 d before harvest, and when one of these was applied in combination with the postharvest chlorine dip treatment, the black spot infected area was reduced by 3 and 60%, respectively, compared with the chlorine dip alone. At the postharvest stage, fogging during storage, or post-storage on-line spraying with sodium troclosene, when applied in combination with the postharvest chlorine dip, improved the percentage of marketable fruit by 2 or 10%, respectively, compared with the chlorine dip alone. The results indicate that postharvest pathogens that show a slow colonization pattern might enable the integration of pre- and postharvest disease control methods to improve quality and reduce postharvest disease development. 相似文献
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由链格孢菌引起的黑斑病是导致以色列柿子(Diospyros kaki cv.Triumph)贮藏过程中果实品质下降、贮期缩短的主要因素。其病原真菌在采收前的果园中即开始侵染果实,但一直处于休眠状态。采收后,在0℃贮藏环境中病原菌开始繁殖,当贮藏2～3个月后,柿果表面出现黑斑症状。商业上采用二氯异氰尿酸钠片剂溶解后生成500 mg.L-1的氯水浸果,可在2个月的贮期内有效控制黑斑病的发生。然而,当贮期超过2个半月后,柿子果实的腐烂率则不断增加。在柿子采后出现黑斑症状之前病原真菌较长的潜伏期内,采前与采后阶段可采取一系列的综合技术措施,并与商业氯水浸果处理相结合来提高对贮藏柿果黑斑病的防控效果。采前处理包括柿子坐果30 d后,以1-(2-氯-4-吡啶)-3-苯基脲(CPPU)处理或采收前14 d以治疗性杀菌剂多抗霉素(polyoxin B)进行喷果处理。试验结果表明,与采后单独使用氯水浸果处理相比,将CPPU或polyoxin B处理与采后商业处理相结合,可使柿果黑斑浸染面积分别减小3%和60%;采收后贮藏期间二氯异氰尿酸钠喷雾处理或采后立即用二氯异氰尿酸钠喷果处理与采后商业氯水处理相结合比单独使用氯水处理可分别提高柿子好果率2%和10%。研究结果表明,对于具有较长潜伏侵染方式的采后病原菌来说,可应用采前和采后处理相结合的方法来提高果实的贮藏品质及减轻采后病害的发生。 相似文献
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Simpson BS Landsberg GM Reisner IR Ciribassi JJ Horwitz D Houpt KA Kroll TL Luescher A Moffat KS Douglass G Robertson-Plouch C Veenhuizen MF Zimmerman A Clark TP 《Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine》2007,8(1):18-31
Canine separation anxiety is a common behavioral problem presented to veterinarians. Associated behaviors are distressing to both dog and owner, have the potential to disrupt the human-companion animal bond, and may lead to euthanasia. The results of this study demonstrate the clinical efficacy and safety of Reconcile (fluoxetine, 1 to 2 mg/kg/day [0.45 to 0.91 mg/lb/day]), in conjunction with behavior management, for the treatment of canine separation anxiety. The beef flavored chewable formulation was palatable to treated dogs and easy to administer. This study provides to veterinarians and owners valuable information about an effective separation anxiety treatment plan that combines use of Reconcile with behavior modification. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an important postharvest pathogen that attacks ripe avocado fruit. Two reduced-pathogenicity mutants, Cg-M-142 and Cg-M-1150, previously obtained by restriction enzyme mediated integration, were used for the sequential analysis of the induction of biocontrol in avocado fruit. Plant biochemical indicators, such as H(+)-ATPase activity and levels of reactive oxygen species, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, epicatechin, and an antifungal diene, were investigated. The main difference between Cg-M-142 and Cg-M-1150 was the lack of appressorium formation by the latter. Preinoculation of avocado fruit with Cg-M-142 enhanced H(+)-ATPase activity and the production of reactive oxygen species. These early signaling events were followed by higher phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and higher levels of epicatechin and the antifungal diene, and decay was delayed. Unlike Cg-M-142, Cg-M-1150 did not activate early signaling events related to fruit resistance. We suggest that the initiation of early signaling events affecting fruit resistance is determined by the capability of the pathogen to interact with the fruit during appressorium formation. Furthermore, the intensity of the fruit defense response determines the level of resistance during fruit storage. 相似文献
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Andrew U Luescher Ilana R Reisner 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2008,38(5):1107-1130
Dogs that are aggressive toward their owners have long been regarded as being dominant. This article presents scientific evidence that does not support this claim. Based on this evidence, the authors present an alternative explanation for canine aggression toward owners and outline a treatment plan. 相似文献
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Murphy HW Dennis P Devlin W Meehan T Kutinsky I 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2011,42(4):572-579
A total of 163 echocardiographic studies on western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) were submitted for evaluation; 140 from 99 animals were suitable for analysis. Of these, 81 studies (42 studies from 35 males ranging in age from 11-41+ yr and 39 studies from 31 females ranging in age from 11-41+ yr) are reported here. Three studies from 3 females and 56 studies from 30 males were excluded from this report due to cardiac abnormalities. Cardiac parameters measured were aortic root (Ao Rt) diameter and left atrial (L atrium) size. Left ventricular (LV) measurements included left ventricular internal diameter in systole (LVID(s)) and diastole (LVID(d)) as well as diastolic septal (IVS) and posterior wall thickness (LVPW). Values considered to be normal in females > 11 yr of age were: Ao Rt < 3.5 cm, L atrium < 4.0 cm, LVID(d) < 5.0 cm, IVS < 1.4 cm, LVPW < 1.4 cm, and ejection fraction (EF) > 60%. The data from male gorillas show a separation in animals based on three cardiac parameters: systolic function, LV cavity size, and LV wall thickness. Male gorillas > 11 yr of age fall into two groups; unaffected and affected. Unaffected animals are defined as those with no echocardiographic abnormalities and a consistent Ao Rt of < 4.0 cm, LVID(d) of < 6.0 cm, IVS and LVPW of <1.5 cm, and an EF of > 58%. The affected group consisted of male gorillas that exhibited changes in echocardiographic parameters representing the presence of cardiovascular disease. The results determined in this database, gathered from data collected from 1999-2009, suggest a sex-based difference between males and females with predominantly males demonstrating evidence of cardiac disease. The most striking finding seen in this study is that of progressive LV hypertrophy and depressed LV EF in affected adult male gorillas. 相似文献
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Ilana E Najman Joana Z Ferreira Caio JX Abimussi Beatriz P Floriano Thais M Meneghetti Valéria NLS Oliva Paulo do Nascimento Jr 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2015,42(4):433-441
ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the benefit and specifically the feasibility of using ultrasound in ophthalmologic periconal block, and the occurrence of complications.Study designProspective experimental study.AnimalsTen healthy New Zealand White rabbits (6–8 months of age), weighing 2.0–3.5 kg.MethodsRabbits were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of acepromazine (1 mg kg−1), ketamine (30 mg kg−1) and xylazine (3 mg kg−1). Ultrasound-assisted periconal block with lidocaine was performed on 18 eyes. Intraocular pressure was measured by applanation tonometry whereas corneal sensitivity was assessed using an esthesiometer, before and after each periconal anesthesia.ResultsIn all 18 eyes, it was possible to adequately visualize the needle shaft within the periconal space, as well as muscular cone, optic nerve and local anesthetic solution spread. Lidocaine 2% without epinephrine (0.79 ± 0.19 mL) was injected into the periconal space. There was no statistical difference between the intraocular pressure (mean ± SD) measured before (10.9 ± 2.9 mmHg) and after (11.9 ± 3.8 mmHg) the periconal anesthesia (p = 0.38). The effectiveness of the ultrasound-assisted technique was shown according to the values for corneal sensitivity, assessed before and after periconal anesthesia (p < 0.0001). Complications were not observed in this study.ConclusionsEye ultrasonography allowed visualization of all anatomic structures necessary to perform a periconal block, as well as the needle insertion and anesthetic spread in real time. Further studies are required to prove the real potential of ultrasound for reducing the incidence of complications associated with ophthalmic blocks, especially when anatomic disorders of the eye could potentially increase the risk.Clinical relevanceUltrasonography is a painless, noninvasive tool that may improve safety of ophthalmic regional blocks, potentially by reducing the prevalence of globe perforation or penetration of the optic nerve associated with the needle-based techniques. 相似文献