ABSTRACT Alternaria citri, a postharvest pathogen, produces endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) and causes black rot on citrus fruit. We previously described that an endoPG-disrupted mutant of Alternaria citri was significantly reduced in its ability to macerate plant tissue and cause black rot symptoms on citrus. In order to investigate colonization of citrus fruit tissues by Alternaria citri, pTEFEGFP carrying a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene was introduced into wild-type Alternaria citri and its endoPG-disrupted mutant (M60). Green fluorescence was observed in spores, germ tubes, appressoria, and infection hyphae of transformants G1 (derived from wild type) and GM4 (derived from M60). Hyphae of G1 but not GM4 vertically penetrated the peel, but the hyphae of both G1 and GM4 spread equally in the juice sac area of citrus fruit. Green fluorescence of Alternaria citri transformant EPG7 carrying a GFP gene under control of the endoPG gene promoter of Alternaria citri was induced by pectin in the peel during the infection stage, but repressed completely in the juice sac area, likely by carbon catabolite repression by sugars in the juice. 相似文献
PCR-RFLP analyses of three regions for each of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA; rbcL-ORF106, trnD-trnT, trnH-trnK) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; nad7/exon2-exon3, nad7/exon3-exon4, 18S-5S) were performed in 26 cultivars of acid citrus grown in Japan to identify polymorphisms and classify them. The polymorphisms
were compared with those of three true Citrus species, i.e., mandarin, pummelo and citron. Ichang papeda (C. ichangensis) was also included in this study to find its relationship with Yuzu. Inter-species cpDNA variation was recognized and the
acid citrus were divided into three groups, namely; I (‘Yuzukichi’ and ‘Kinkoyu’), II [sour oranges (‘Kaiseito’, ‘Daidai’
and ‘China daidai’), ‘Nansho daidai’, ‘Kiku daidai’, C. sudachi (‘Mushi yukaku’, ‘Yushi yukaku’ and ‘Yushi mukaku’), C. sphaerocarpa (‘Kabosu’ and ‘Aka kabosu’), C. kizu (‘Taninaka kizu’, ‘Kinosu’ and ‘Kizu’), ‘Zanbo’, ‘Mochiyu’, ‘Jabara’ and ‘Naoshichi’], and III [Yuzu (‘Tetraploid’, ‘Tochikei
yuzu’ and ‘Yamanekei yuzu’), ‘Matsuda sudachi’, ‘Zuishoyu’, ‘Hanayu’ and ‘Yuko’]. CpDNA restriction patterns of the three
true Citrus species differed from each other as well as from those of ichang papeda. CpDNA restriction patterns of group I of the acid
citrus were identical to those of mandarins. Group II showed the same as pummelos. CpDNA restriction patterns of group III
were differed from those of the three true Citrus species in the three regions. This group was differed from ichang papeda after digestion of trnH-trnK PCR products with TaqI, HinfI and AluI, while they showed identical restriction patterns in two regions, rbcL-ORF106 and trnD-trnT. Citrons and ichang papeda were placed in groups IV and V, respectively. Based on mtDNA restriction patterns, the acid citrus
were divided into three groups; i, ii and iii. In groups i and ii accessions of groups I and II of cpDNA were placed with
mandarins and pummelos, respectively. In group iii accessions of group III of cpDNA were placed with ichang papeda. Citrons
were placed in a distinct group, iv. 相似文献
RFLP analysis of a PCR amplified 3.2-kbp region of cpDNA bounded by the conserved sequences in rbc L and ORF 106 was performed
in eggplant (Solanum melongena), its related Solanum species, S. incanum, S. virginianum (= S. surattense), S. torvum, S.
aethiopicum (= S. gilo), S. aethiopicum (= S. integrifolium), S. violaceum (= S. indicum), S. violaceum (= S. sanitwongsei)
and S. mammosum and the reciprocal hybrids between S. aethiopicum (= S. integrifolium) and S. melongena 'Uttara'. The target
region of cpDNA was amplified correctly by PCR. The amplified products were digested with each of 10 restriction enzymes (Alu
I, Ase I, BamH I, Hinf I, Msp I, Rsa I, ScrF I, Sty I, Taq I and Xba I). Variations of restriction patterns among the species
were recognized after digesting the amplified products with each of the seven restriction enzymes, Taq I, Alu I, Rsa I, Sty
I, Ase I, Hinf I and Xba I. The restriction patterns divided the examined nine species into the following five clusters, 1)
S. melongena and S. incanum, 2) S. virginianum (= S. surattense), 3) S. torvum, 4) S. aethiopicum (= S. gilo), S. aethiopicum
(= S. integrifolium), S. violaceum (= S. indicum) and S. violaceum (= S. sanitwongsei) and 5) S. mammosum. The restriction
pattern with Alu I in each of the reciprocal hybrids between S. melongena 'Uttara' and S. aethiopicum (= S. integrifolium)
was identical with that of seed parent. The present study demonstrated the availability of the PCR-RFLP analysis of cpDNA
for assessing taxonomic relationships and identifying cytoplasmic parentage of interspecific hybrids in eggplant and related
Solanum species.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
The trace element contents of Corbicula clam shells collected from Japan, Russia, China, and the Republic of Korea were analyzed to determine their geographic origin. The crushed shells were decomposed with nitric acid–hydrogen peroxide, and the concentrations of 14 elements (Li, Mg, V, Mn, Co, As, Rb, Mo, Ba, Ce, Pb, U, Sr, and Ca) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Some of the elements identified in samples displayed a geographic trend. The average content of manganese in Japanese samples was twice that of Russian samples. Conversely, the arsenic content in Japanese samples was approximately half of that in Russian samples. Linear discriminant analysis was applied to the data from Japanese and Russian samples, and a discriminant model was constructed. The discriminant model was used to determine the geographic origin of Corbicula clams produced in Japan, with 89.8 % of those identified as Japanese and 92.2 % of those identified as Russian being classified correctly. Therefore, trace element analysis of the shells of Corbicula clams is a useful technique for the identification of their country of origin. 相似文献
1. Gastrointestinal size, intestinal absorption of glucose and L‐methionine, and intestinal endogenous nitrogen in Pekin ducks were measured after the birds were subjected to force‐feeding with excessive amounts of a diet based on maize or barley for 12 d.
2. Force‐feeding significantly increased the weight and area of the crop, the weight of the proventriculus, the length and area of the jejunum and ileum, but decreased the weight of the gizzard and the thickness of its caudodorsal thick muscle. Feeding a barley‐based diet also decreased the thickness of caudodorsal thick muscle of gizzard.
3. Force‐feeding enhanced the absorption rates (μmol/cm2) of glucose and L‐methionine in both jejunum and ileum. Ducks fed on a maize‐based diet showed a slightly higher absorption rate of glucose compared to those fed on a barley‐based diet.
4. Force‐feeding caused a significant increase of endogenous non‐protein nitrogen (μg/cm2/h) in both jejunum and ileum and a slight increase of endogenous protein nitrogen in the jejunum. 相似文献
1. The fine structural alterations of villi and epithelial cells in each part of the small intestine were investigated in layer‐type hens fasted for 12 h to 20 d or refed for one day after each fasting period.
2. Within the first 24‐h‐fasting, villi of the duodenum showed a remarkable reduction in height and those of the jejunum revealed a gradual decrease; such a significant reduction of the villus height was not obtained in the ileum. After 36‐h‐fasting, villus height in each part gradually decreased with days of fasting.
3. All intestinal villus heights increased after only 1‐d‐refeeding of various kinds of diets following 3‐, 10‐, or 20‐d‐fasting. The duodenum especially rapidly recovered even after long‐term fasting of 20 d but the ileum showed very slow recovery, suggesting that the ileum seems to be inactive in absorptive function.
4. These variable alterations of villus height in the proximal intestine suggest that the higher intestinal absorptive ability is under the normal feeding, the more rapidly villus height is influenced by nutritional conditions.
5. Cell area and cell mitosis decreased after fasting, the latter showing a marked reduction. However, in spite of a remarkable decrease of cell mitosis in the proximal intestine after fasting, refeeding activated cell renewal and it soon reached control levels, demonstrating that the villus height mainly varied with the numbers of epithelial cells.
6. In the epithelial cells of the proximal intestine in chickens fasted for 20 d, large lysosomal autophagous vacuoles including mitochondria and dense bodies were observed. These were reduced in size by refeeding for only one day, suggesting that fasting may cause intracellular digestion through lysosomal autophagy.
7. These results lead to the conclusion that long‐term fasting for force moulting is possible, that a high protein and high energy diet can be fed immediately after fasting and that a cell undergoing lysosomal autophagy in normal chickens indicates undernutrition. 相似文献
Reproductive fertility traits were studied in the reciprocal hybrids of the eggplant(Solanum melongena L.) and S. aethiopicum L. Gilo Group, and in synthetic amphidiploids to discover whether fertility in these reciprocal hybrids was restored by chromosome
doubling. Isozyme and RAPD analyses confirmed hybridity of the hybrids and amphidiploids. Analyses of chloroplast and mitochondrial
DNAs confirmed that the cytoplasm of each of the hybrids and amphidiploids was from the maternal parent. Pollen sterility
of S. melongena × S. aethiopicum Gilo Group [F1 (Mel × Aet)] was restored by chromosome doubling, while the reciprocal hybrid S. aethiopicum Gilo Group ×S. melongena [F1 (Aet × Mel)]and its amphidiploid did not produce any pollen grains; their microspores degenerated without being released
from tetrads. Hence the cytoplasm of S. aethiopicum Gilo Group seems to beresponsible for their pollen-non-formation type sterility of the hybrid. Both the F1 hybrids did not set any fruits by either selfing or backcrossing, while their amphidiploids set fruits after pollinating
with pollen from the amphidiploid of F1 (Mel × Aet). Seeds obtained from both the amphidiploids germinated normally. Chromosome doubling has been effective in restoring
fertility of the hybrids.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
Phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) was studied to establish the genetic system of the isozymes in section Cepa of Allium. The results of isozyme analyses using 15 cultivars and clones in two cultivated species A. fistulosum and A. cepa, eight strains in four wild species A. altaicum, A. galanthum, A. oschaninii and A. vavilovii and a total of 10 hybrids between A. fistulosum and A. cepa and between the cultivated and wild species revealed that: 1) PGI was a dimeric enzyme; 2) the two cultivated and four wild species had a common gene locus Pgi-1 where six alleles were identified; and 3) A. fistulosum had Pgi-1F-1 and Pgi-1F-2, A. cepa had Pgi-1A-1 and Pgi-1A-2, A. altaicum had Pgi-1F-1, A. galanthum and A. vavilovii had Pgi-1A-1, and A. oschaninii had Pgi-1A-1, Pgi-1O-1 and Pgi-1O-1. The intra- and inter-specific polymorphisms of PGI isozymes are expected to be valuable tools for the genetics and practical utilization of the wild species in section Cepa. 相似文献
