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Clare Mukankusi Bodo Raatz Stanley Nkalubo Fenta Berhanu Papias Binagwa Michael Kilango Magdalena Williams Katungi Enid Rowland Chirwa Steve Beebe 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(4):401-414
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume crop worldwide. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and its national partners in Africa aim to overcome production constraints of common bean and address the food, nutrition needs and market demands through development of multitrait bean varieties. Breeding is guided by principles of market‐driven approaches to develop client‐demanded varieties. Germplasm accessions from especially two sister species, P. coccineus and P. acutifolius, have been utilized as sources of resistance to major production constraints and interspecific lines deployed. Elucidation of plant mechanisms governing pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance and grain nutritional quality guides the selection methods used by the breeders. Molecular markers are used to select for resistance to key diseases and insect pests. Efforts have been made to utilize modern genomic tools to increase scale, efficiency, accuracy and speed of breeding. Through gender‐responsive participatory variety selection, market‐demanded varieties have been released in several African countries. These new bean varieties are a key component of sustainable food systems in the tropics. 相似文献
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The issues surrounding dog bites are a major public health concern, particularly in areas of low income where accessibility to adequate health care, veterinary medicine and sufficient management of canine population control is low. An understanding of the risk factors associated with human-dog conflicts may be important when establishing dog bite and disease prevention strategies. In May 2008, a census of 12 consociated neighbourhoods in Todos Santos, Guatemala was conducted to investigate dog bite incidences and the public perception of free-roaming dog populations. Approximately 16.5% (78/472) of households reported at least one dog bite between May 2006 and May 2008. In total, 85 incidents occurred: 49.4% (42/85) with adults (≥18 years) and 50.6% (43/85) children (<18 years). However, there was no significant difference in cumulative incidence of dog bites by victim gender or among age categories, there was a non-significant trend of higher cumulative incidence of dog bites in children aged six to 17 years compared to other age categories. The anatomical location of the bite varied, but bites to the legs were the most common (73/85; 85.9%). Of the 85 reported dog bites, 5.9% (5/85) were from dogs from the victims' own households, 48.2% (41/85) were from a neighbour's dog, 9.4% (8/85) were from dogs regularly seen in the community, and 15.3% (13/85) were from dogs not regularly seen in the community; the ownership status of the latter two categories of dogs could not be determined. Approximately 21% (18/85) of respondents did not know the type of dog that bit. Residents were asked for their opinions on potential problems associated with dogs in the community. The majority of respondents strongly agreed that dogs posed physical risks (78.8%; 372/472), could transmit infections to people (88.6%; 418/472), scared the family (82.4%; 389/472) and were too high in number (82.6%; 390/472). There were significant but weak correlations between owning a dog and expressing negative perceptions of community dogs (Spearman rho<0.13). Reporting of a dog bite was not significantly correlated to expressing fear or negative perceptions towards community dogs. A further understanding of current programs directed at the prevention of dog bites and means of dog population control may help determine appropriate future steps for canine management. Conflicts between free roaming dogs and people are a pressing issue worldwide, and a focus on prevention strategies through education, rather than rapid extermination, would be of benefit. 相似文献
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Keith Van Cleve Patrick I. Coyne Enid Goodwin Craig Johnson Marilyn Kelley 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1979,11(3):237-246
Four methods for measurement of respiration (CO2 evolution) were compared on uniformly prepared, birch forest-floor organic matter; the methods included infrared gas analysis (i.r.g.a.), gas chromatography (g.c.), KOH absorption of CO2 (b.a.) and the Gilson respirometer. Respiration estimates were made at a single temperature and also at variable temperatures at constant moisture contents. The i.r.g.a. and b.a. methods gave maximum estimates for respiration; the g.c. gave lowest, with the Gilson intermediate. Lower estimates for the g.c. are attributed to the closed system employed, which included no means of increasing gas diffusion (such as a KOH-CO2 sink or continuous gas flow) out of the sample into the unoccupied space of the respiration chamber.At 25°C, the minimum sensitivity of the g.c. and Gilson were 3.8 and 3.6 μg CO2, respectively. The minimum sensitivity of the b.a. method (44 μg CO2) could have been improved with use of a micro-liter burette for titrations. The least minimum sensitivity, 0.31 μg CO2, was attained with the i.r.g.a.Conditions under which any of the techniques may be used to estimate respiration should be carefully worked out. The relationship between sample size, gas flow rate (open system), chamber atmosphere composition (closed system), and chamber design should be established with sufficient confidence so that stimulation of respiration by excessive gas flow rate, or exhaustion of O2 or CO2 inhibition through extended chamber closure does not adversely affect respiration estimates. 相似文献
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Habashi JP Judge DP Holm TM Cohn RD Loeys BL Cooper TK Myers L Klein EC Liu G Calvi C Podowski M Neptune ER Halushka MK Bedja D Gabrielson K Rifkin DB Carta L Ramirez F Huso DL Dietz HC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5770):117-121
Aortic aneurysm and dissection are manifestations of Marfan syndrome (MFS), a disorder caused by mutations in the gene that encodes fibrillin-1. Selected manifestations of MFS reflect excessive signaling by the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family of cytokines. We show that aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of MFS is associated with increased TGF-beta signaling and can be prevented by TGF-beta antagonists such as TGF-beta-neutralizing antibody or the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker, losartan. AT1 antagonism also partially reversed noncardiovascular manifestations of MFS, including impaired alveolar septation. These data suggest that losartan, a drug already in clinical use for hypertension, merits investigation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with MFS and has the potential to prevent the major life-threatening manifestation of this disorder. 相似文献
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Participatory farmers’ selection of common bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under different production constraints 
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下载免费PDF全文 Awio Bruno Enid Katungi Nkalubo T. Stanley Mukankusi Clare Malinga G. Maxwell Gibson Paul Rubaihayo Patrick Edema Richard 《Plant Breeding》2018,137(3):283-289
On‐farm evaluation of 15 common bean varieties was undertaken with nine farmer groups under two fertilizer applications levels in four subcounties of Hoima and Rakai districts for two seasons to select farmers’ desired and undesired varieties. Farmers’ votes for acceptance and rejection of varieties at podding stage were converted to a preference index, and analysis of variance was conducted to examine differences in farmers’ preference indices among subcounties and combined across subcounties, seasons, management and gender. Management had no‐significant influence on the way farmers selected varieties in the subcounties. Choice of varieties varied significantly (p ≤ .001) between seasons and gender in the different subcounties. Variety Masindi Yellow Long and Farmers’ seed (Kaduli), and the introduced KATB1 were accepted by farmers due to their medium seed size, desired seed colour and potential of varietal adaptability to their farm conditions. Varieties NABE2, ROBA1 and RWR719 were deselected due to possession of traits less desired in the market. These results demonstrate the need for breeding programmes to involve diverse stakeholders in capturing the diverse traits preferences in varietal development process. 相似文献
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