Water use and yield of winter wheat in Northern India as affected by timing of last irrigation     

S. S. Prihar  B. S. Sandhu  K. L. Khera  S. K. Jalota 《Irrigation Science》1978,1(1):39-45

Summary Standard local practice in Northern India is to continue irrigation of winter wheat crop almost up to harvest, based on the farmer's belief that this treatment increases grain weight and yield. The effect of an early cut-off of irrigation on the water use was studied in a three-year experiment on a deep, sandy-loam soil.Wheat, sown during the second or third week of November, received its first irrigation four weeks later. Subsequently treatments included irrigations of 7.5 cm water depth applied after 10 cm of cumulative pan evaporation minus rainfall had elapsed since the previous irrigation up till mid-April; irrigations of 7.5 cm up till mid-February and thereafter irrigation equal to 75 and 100% soil-water deficit in the 0–180 cm profile around March 10 with no later irrigation; and a similar treatment with one additional irrigation after making up the water deficit.Least irrigation water was used from the treatment in which 75% water deficit was restored around March 10 and no further irrigation was applied. This treatment increased the average extraction of profile water by 4 cm compared to treatments in which irrigation was continued until mid-April. Profile water depletion was inversely related to the amount of irrigation. Grain weight and yields from the various treatments harvested in the last week of April were unaffected by the treatments.The authors are grateful to the ICAR for financing this research  相似文献   

Yield,water use and root distribution of wheat as affected by pre-sowing and post-sowing irrigation     

S.K. Jalota  S.S. Prihar  B.S. Sandhu  K.L. Khera 《Agricultural Water Management》1980,2(4):289-297

Irrigation water is a limited resource, and therefore irrigation practices must be rationalized for high water-use efficiency. Little is known about the influence of stored water in deep soils on the water needs and the post-sowing irrigation requirements of crops. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of combinations of light and heavy pre-sowing irrigations with two post-sowing irrigation regimes on yield, root growth, water use and water-use efficiency of wheat on a deep alluvial sandy loam soil. Post-sowing treatments consisted of (i) five 75-mm irrigations at five growth stages, and (ii) irrigations based on pan evaporation, i.e. at IW/PAN-E ratio of 0.75 (75 mm of irrigation water were provided as soon as the open-pan evaporation minus rainfall since previous irrigation was 100 mm).The latter regime required 175 mm less water than that with irrigation at growth stages. Profile water utilization was inversely related to post-sowing irrigation water. Where pre-sowing irrigation was light, post-sowing irrigations based on pan evaporation yielded significantly less than those based on growth stages. With heavy pre-sowing irrigation, irrigation based on the pan evaporation yielded as much as five irrigations at growth stages. The former decreased the mean water application by 153 mm and increased the water-use efficiency by 26%. Irrigation based on pan evaporation stimulated greater utilization of stored water by increasing the rooting density in deeper layers.It is indicated that for higher water-use efficiency and yield, wheat should be sown after a heavy pre-sowing irrigation, and post-sowing irrigation should be based on 0.75 pan evaporation.  相似文献   

Laboratory and field trials with formalin-inactivated Escherichia coli (O78)-Pasteurella anatipestifer bacterin in white pekin ducks   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

T S Sandhu  H W Layton 《Avian diseases》1985,29(1):128-135

A combination Escherichia coli serotype O78 and Pasteurella anatipestifer bacterin was developed and tested in white pekin ducks in laboratory and field trials. Inoculations with bacterin at 2 and 3 weeks of age provided significant protection against challenge with virulent E. coli O78 and Pasteurella anatipestifer serotypes 1, 2, and 5. No significant cross-protection was observed against heterologous E. coli serotypes, although there was a slight reduction in mortality in ducklings challenged with E. coli serotypes O2a and O119. In field trials, the E. coli-P. anatipestifer bacterin produced significant reduction of mortality in commercial white pekin ducks compared with P. anatipestifer bacterin.  相似文献   

Inheritance of a plant type mutant and its utilization in chickpea     

J. S. Sandhu  H. S. Brar  M. M. Verma 《Euphytica》1990,48(2):111-112

Summary A macro-mutant, E 100Y(M) in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was found to affect several plant and seed characters. For plant type monogenic inheritance was observed. A single pair of recessive genes pt/pt was ascribed to this mutant. The mutant locus seemed to be exerting pleiotropic action. The utilization of this mutant for chickpea improvement has been discussed.  相似文献   

Inter-relationships among cane yield and commercial cane sugar and their component traits in autumn plant crop of sugarcane   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sukhchain  Devinder Sandhu  G.S. Saini 《Euphytica》1997,95(1):109-113

Seventeen diverse clones of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) (7 early, 6 mid season and 4 late) were planted in October 1991 and 1992 in flooded (FE) and non flooded (NFE) environments for evaluation of cane yield, commercial cane sugar (CCS), internode length, internode number, stalk length, stalk thickness (circumference), stalk number, sugar recovery, and stalk weight. Cane yield showed significant positive phenotypic correlation coefficient (PCC) with stalk number in FE (P ≤ 0.05) and NFE (P ≤ 0.01). Stalk length had a significant positive PCC with stalk weight in both environments, and with internode length in FE (P ≤ 0.05). Commercial cane sugar also expressed significant positive PCC with cane yield in both environments (P ≤ 0.01), but with stalk number only in NFE (P ≤ 0.05). Genotypic correlation coefficients were generally in the same direction as PCC but higher in magnitude. In both environments, stalk number and stalk weight had relatively high positive direct effects on cane yield. However, flooding tended to enhance the direct effect of stalk weight and diminish the direct effect of stalk number on cane yield. Only cane yield and sugar recovery had high direct effects on CCS. Selection for improvement of cane yield can be based on stalk number and stalk weight in both environments. High yielding clones can be further screened for more sugar recovery to improve CCS. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Identification of a diverse mini‐core panel of Indian rice germplasm based on genotyping using microsatellite markers          下载免费PDF全文

Kapil K. Tiwari  Anshuman Singh  Sasmita Pattnaik  Maninder Sandhu  Sukhdeep Kaur  Sourabh Jain  Sushma Tiwari  Shweta Mehrotra  Mahender Anumalla  Rashmita Samal  Jyoti Bhardwaj  Neha Dubey  Vikrant Sahu  Gayle A. Kharshing  Patu K. Zeliang  Kadiri Sreenivasan  Pankaj Kumar  Swarup K. Parida  Sevanthi V. A. Mithra  Vandana Rai  Wricha Tyagi  Pawan K. Agrawal  Atmakuri R. Rao  Arunava Pattanayak  Girish Chandel  Ashok K. Singh  Ishwari S. Bisht  Kangila V. Bhat  Gundimeda J. N. Rao  Jitendra P. Khurana  Nagendra K. Singh  Trilochan Mohapatra 《Plant Breeding》2015,134(2):164-171

Identification of a small core germplasm set representing the available genetic diversity is essential for its proper evaluation and subsequent utilization in rice improvement programmes. For constituting a small diverse mini‐core panel of Indian rice germplasm, a representative set of 6912 accessions drawn based on their geographic origin from the whole rice germplasm collection available in the National Gene Bank was genotyped using 36 microsatellite markers. Automated fragment analysis of amplicons yielded a total of 435 alleles, with an average 12.4 and range of 3–29 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.08 (RGNMS190) to 0.86 (RM552) with an average of 0.528. Based on genotyping data, a mini‐core consisting of 98 genotypes was identified. Ninety‐four per cent of the alleles present in the core set were present in the mini‐core. The identified small but diverse panel will be useful for further intensive trait‐specific evaluation and utilization in allele mining.  相似文献   

Evaluation of a Macroscopic Plate Test and an Indirect Immunofluorescence Test to Detect Leptospiral Antibodies in Bovine Serum          下载免费PDF全文

T. S. Sandhu  F. H. White 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1972,36(1):34-37

A macroscopic plate test was found to be reliable and convenient for detection of Leptospira serotype pomona antibodies in bovine sera. However, the procedure was unreliable for detecting L. serotype canicola antibodies because of false positive reactions. An indirect immunofluorescence test and the microscopic agglutination test provided comparable results and they effectively detected serotype pomona antibodies in bovine sera.  相似文献   

Exploring animal rabies endemicity to inform control programmes in Punjab,India          下载免费PDF全文

V. J. Brookes  G. S. Gill  C. K. Singh  B. S. Sandhu  N. K. Dhand  B. B. Singh  J. P. S. Gill  M. P. Ward 《Zoonoses and public health》2018,65(1):e54-e65

Previous studies estimate that one‐third of the annual global burden of rabies (~20,000 cases) occurs in India. Elimination of canine rabies is essential to reduce this burden. Surveillance of animal cases can assess both the risk to humans and the efficacy of control strategies. The objective of this study was to describe the spatial and temporal occurrence of reported confirmed cases of rabies in animals in Punjab, India, from 2004 to 2014. We analysed passive surveillance data on 556 samples submitted from 2004 to 2014 to GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Regression and time series analyses were conducted to understand seasonal and long‐term variation of cases and identify cross‐correlation of monthly cases between species. Spatio‐temporal analyses assessed spatial autocorrelation of date of reporting, mean geographic centres of disease occurrence and clustering of cases using Kulldorff's space‐time permutation statistic. The annual number of submissions and proportion of confirmed cases were consistent throughout 2004–2014. Most submissions (320; 57.6%) were confirmed rabies cases, including dogs (40.6%), buffalo (29.7%) and cattle (23.1%). Regression analysis of monthly cases in dogs showed seasonal variation with significant increases in cases in March and August. Monthly case numbers in buffalo decreased over time. Long‐term temporal trend was not detected in dog and cattle cases. Time‐series models identified significant cross‐correlation between dog and buffalo cases, suggesting that buffalo cases were spillover events from dogs. Significant spatio‐temporal variation or clusters of cases were not detected. These results indicate that rabies cases in animals—and therefore, the potential for exposure to humans—were temporally and spatially stable during 2004–2014 in Punjab, India. The endemic nature of rabies transmission in this region demands a coordinated, sustained control programme. This study provides baseline information for assessing the efficacy of rabies control measures and developing seasonally targeted dog vaccination and rabies awareness strategies.  相似文献   

Evaluation of highly sensitive indigenous milk ELISA kit with fecal culture, milk culture and fecal-PCR for the diagnosis of bovine Johne's disease (BJD) in India     

Singh SV  Singh AV  Singh R  Sandhu KS  Singh PK  Sohal JS  Gupta VK  Vihan VS 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2007,30(3):175-186

Country lacks indigenous diagnostic kits against Johne's disease in animals. Indigenous ELISA and IS 900 PCR kits, originally developed for goats and sheep, have been adapted for screening of lactating cows. Multiple diagnostic tests were used to screen 26 lactating dairy cows against Johne's disease. Milk ELISA was evaluated with fecal culture, milk culture and fecal PCR. Of the 26 samples from lactating cows, 84.6, 96.1, 88.4 and 23.0% were positive in fecal culture, milk culture, m-ELISA and m-PCR, respectively. Comparatively milk sediment and milk fat culture detected 84.6 and 76.9% cows positive, respectively. Comparatively fecal culture and milk culture detected 84.6 and 96.1% cows positive, respectively. M-ELISA detected 11.5, 0.0, 11.5, 61.0 and 15.3%, cows as negative, suspected, low positive, positive and strong positive, respectively. There was good correlation between milk and fecal culture with m-ELISA. Three negative cows in m-ELISA were also detected in milk and fecal culture. Of the 26 decontaminated fecal samples, 23.0% cows were positive using specific IS 900 f-PCR. Comparative evaluation of m-ELISA with fecal and milk culture showed agreement in 80.7 and 84.6% cows, respectively. Sensitivity of m-ELISA with respect to fecal and culture was 90.9 and 95.6%, respectively. Comparative evaluation of four tests (milk culture, fecal culture, m-ELISA and f-PCR) showed that only 15.3% cows were detected in all the four tests. In three tests (fecal and milk culture and m-ELISA), 57.6% cows were detected positive. None of the cow was exclusively detected in f-PCR. Of the four diagnostic tests used milk culture was most sensitive (96.15%), followed by fecal culture (86.6%), m-ELISA (76.9%) and IS 900 PCR (23.0%) for the diagnosis of bovine Johne's disease (BJD). Milk ELISA detected only one cow extra, which was negative in milk culture. In view of the simplicity, rapidity and efficacy present milk ELISA kit employing soluble protoplasmic antigen from native Map 'Bison type' genotype of goat origin can be reliable for screening of bovine population against Johne's disease in India.  相似文献   

Virulence markers in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle.          下载免费PDF全文

K S Sandhu  R C Clarke    C L Gyles 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1999,63(3):177-184

This study identified potential virulence markers in 93 eae-positive and 179 eae-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), isolated from a random sampling of healthy cattle in southwestern Ontario. PCR amplification was used to identify genes for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)-hemolysin, the EAF plasmid, and bundle-forming pili (Bfp); adherence to HEp-2 cells and to bovine colonocytes, and the fluorescent actin staining (FAS) test were used to characterize interaction of the bacteria with epithelial cells. The EHEC-hemolysin sequences were detected in 98% of eae-positive isolates compared with 34% of eae-negative isolates. All isolates were negative for EAF and bfp sequences. There was 100% correlation between localized adherence (LA) to HEp-2 cells and the FAS test. Forty-eight (52%) of the eae-positive isolates were LA/FAS-positive, whereas none of the 179 eae-negative isolates was positive in either test. Among the eae-negative isolates, 20 (11%) showed diffuse adherence and 5 (2.8%) showed enteroaggregative adherence to HEp-2 cells. Seventy-three percent of the eae-positive isolates adhered to bovine colonocytes, whereas only 26% of 120 eae-negative isolates that were tested adhered. All 13 O157:H7 isolates were positive for eae and EHEC-hemolysin gene sequences, LA/FAS, and adherence to bovine colonocytes. It is concluded that possession of genes for eae and EHEC hemolysin is correlated with the serotype of STEC, that production of EHEC hemolysin was highly correlated with serotypes implicated in human disease, and that none of the potential markers that were examined can be used to predict the potential virulence of an isolate.  相似文献