Chromous chloride reduction. 8. Reaction of some derivatives and degradation products of heptachlor with chromous chloride-ethylenediamine complex and nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra of the products     

A S Chau  A Demayo  J W ApSimon  J A Buccini  A Fruchier 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1974,57(1):205-216

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Selection of Target Loads for Acidification in Emission Abatement Policy: The Use of Gap Closure Approaches     

Warren  Rachel  ApSimon  Helen 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2000,121(1-4):229-258

The Abatement Strategies AssessmentModel, ASAM, has been used to investigateEuropean emission abatement policies for ammoniaand oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. Thesepolicies are designed to reduce the depositionof acidifying substances towards critical loadsdefining the deposition which ecosystems cansustain. Since critical loads are not allattainable the model has been set up to reachvarious intermediate target loads. This paperuses the model to illustrate the sensitivity ofthe derived abatement strategies to the choiceof target load. Particular attention is paidto the various methods of `gap closure',designed to calculate target loads. Thesemethods have been discussed within the frameworkof the UN ECE Task Force on IntegratedAssessment Modelling in its preparations for thenew UN ECE `multi-pollutant multi-effectprotocol' and involve the reduction of the gapbetween the situation in 1990 and the criticalloads. The `gap' can be measured using variousmethods, `area', `ratio' and `accumulatedexceedance'. It is shown that the methods ofdefining target loads have an important bearingon the nature of abatement strategies forpollutants, in terms of the distribution acrosscountries of both costs and benefits. The`accumulated exceedance' approach reflects boththe differing sizes of ecosystem areas indifferent parts of Europe and the differentamounts by which their critical loads areexceeded. It probably reflects much morerealistically the relationship betweendeposition levels and damage to ecosystems.  相似文献   

Reducing the contribution of ammonia to nitrogen deposition across Europe     

H. M. ApSimon  S. Couling  D. Cowell  R. F. Warren 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(4):1891-1896

European emissions of reduced nitrogen, arising principally from agriculture, are comparable with those of oxidised nitrogen from mobile and stationary combustion sources. It is therefore important to include ammonia emissions in working towards a new protocol on nitrogen under the programme of the UN Economic Commission for Europe on the control of transboundary air pollution. However the nature of the sources and the subsequent atmospheric transport and chemistry are very different from other acidifying pollutants. This paper describes work in hand under the MARACCAS project to compare agricultural activities in different European countries and to assess the applicability and efficacy of potential abatement measures. The aim is to derive abatement costs for each country relating successive emission reductions to the costs of achieving them, to be used by the UN ECE Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling (TFIAM) — in particular with our Abatement Strategies Assessment Model, ASAM. The paper will also address the large uncertainties involved in integrated assessment modelling with respect to ammonia, and suggest how these may be allowed for in deriving cost-effective abatement strategies.  相似文献