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1.
Gunter Wriedt Marijn van der Velde Alberto Aloe Fayçal Bouraoui 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(5):771-789
We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications. 相似文献
2.
Soumaya Zouari Ellouzi Dorra Driss Sameh Maktouf Monia Blibech Manel Affes Hounaida Kamoun Semia Ellouze Chaabouni Raoudha Ellouze Ghorbel 《Journal of Cereal Science》2014
Gluten extracted from fresh pasta by-products (PG) was enzymatically hydrolyzed by two different commercial proteases (Alcalase 2.4 L and Pancreatin) to different degrees of hydrolysis (DH 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0%). Commercial gluten (CG) was used as reference. The evaluation of functional properties of hydrolyzates from pasta gluten (PGH) and commercial gluten (CGH) showed that Pancreatin hydrolyzates had the highest emulsifying capacities. Regarding the foaming activity, all hydrolyzates performed better than unhydrolyzed gluten. PGH and CGH were added to wheat flour (1%) and their effects on dough rheology were studied. Most hydrolyzates with DH 8% increased dough thermal stability and elasticity during mixing, accelerated the denaturation rate of the protein network, and delayed the gelatinization speed of starch as the temperature increased. Texture profiles and specific volumes of breads from low quality wheat flour with added Pancreatin hydrolyzates (DH 8%) were comparable to those of breads from high quality flour. This showed the potential suitability of PGH and CGH as bread improvers. 相似文献
3.
Graph-based analysis is a promising approach for analyzing the functional and structural connectivity of landscapes. In human-shaped
landscapes, species have become vulnerable to land degradation and connectivity loss between habitat patches. Movement across
the landscape is a key process for species survival that needs to be further investigated for heterogeneous human-dominated
landscapes. The common frog (Rana temporaria) was used as a case study to explore and provide a graph connectivity analysis framework that integrates habitat suitability
and dispersal responses to landscape permeability. The main habitat patches influencing habitat availability and connectivity
were highlighted by using the software Conefor Sensinode 2.2. One of the main advantages of the presented graph-theoretical
approach is its ability to provide a large choice of variables to be used based on the study’s assumptions and knowledge about
target species. Based on dispersal simulation modelling in potential suitable habitat corridors, three distinct patterns of
nodes connections of differing importance were revealed. These patterns are locally influenced by anthropogenic barriers,
landscape permeability, and habitat suitability. And they are affected by different suitability and availability gradients
to maximize the best possible settlement by the common frog within a terrestrial habitat continuum. The study determined the
key role of landscape-based approaches for identifying the “availability-suitability-connectivity” patterns from a local to
regional approach to provide an operational tool for landscape planning. 相似文献
4.
Joan Marull Carme Font Enric Tello Nofre Fullana Elena Domene Manel Pons Elena Galán 《Landscape Ecology》2016,31(2):317-336
Context
The role of agricultural landscapes in biodiversity conservation is an emerging topic in a world experiencing a worrying decrease of species richness. Farm systems may either decrease or increase biological diversity, depending on land-use intensities and management.Objectives
We present an intermediate disturbance-complexity model (IDC) of cultural landscapes aimed at assessing how different levels of anthropogenic disturbance on ecosystems affect the capacity to host biodiversity depending on the land matrix heterogeneity. It is applied to the Mallorca Island, amidst the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot.Methods
The model uses the disturbance exerted when farmers alter the Net Primary Production through land-use change as well as when they remove a share of it (HANPP), together with Shannon–Wiener index (H′) of land-cover diversity. The model is tested with a twofold-scalar experimental design (1:50,000 and 1:5000) of a set of landscape units along three time points (1956, 1989, 2011). Species richness of breeding and wintering birds, taken as a biodiversity proxy, is used in an exploratory factor analysis.Results
The results clearly show that when intermediate levels of HANPP are performed within intermediate levels of complexity (H′) in landscape patterns, like agro-forest mosaics, great bird species richness and high socio-ecological resilience can be maintained. Yet, these complex-heterogeneous landscapes are currently vanishing due to industrial farm intensification, rural abandonment and urban sprawl.Conclusions
The results make apparent the usefulness of transferring the concept of intermediate disturbance-complexity interplay to cultural landscapes. Our spatial-explicit IDC model can be used as a tool for strategic environmental assessment of land-use planning.5.
6.
Manel Kammoun Rigane Jean-Charles Michel Khaled Medhioub Philippe Morel 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(4):226-234
The cocomposting of agricultural waste is a new management priority in Tunisia. In this study, four composts were evaluated by comparing the changes in measured hydrophysical and physicochemical properties and phytotoxicity. The organic wastes used were almond shell (AS), sesame bark (SB), olive husk (OH), and green and wood wastes (GW and WW, respectively). Composts CI and CII were composed of AS/SB and OH/SB, respectively, at a ratio of 75/25 (wet weight basis). CIII consisted of OH, SB and CAS (coarsely-ground almond shell used as a bulking agent) at a ratio of 55/25/20. Finally, CIV was composed of 25%SB+9%CAS+18%GW+48%WW. The composts studied were characterized by basic pH and an electric conductivity (EC) value ranging from 1.6 to 2.4 mS/cm. The organic matter contents (OM) and C/N ratios of composts ranged from 20 to 46% and from 10 to 21%, respectively. Based on hydrophysical analyses, composts CI, CIII and CIV, containing AS, were shown to have a porosity and a water content of 10-26% and 10-20%, respectively. The phytotoxicity of composts was studied on the basis of cress seed germination. Results revealed that differences in properties are mainly related to the nature of composted waste and that some of these composts are compatible for use as constituents in growing media for horticultural soilless cultures. 相似文献
7.
J. Ghedira J. Jebali Z. Bouraoui M. Banni H. Guerbej H. Boussetta 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(1):101-107
The levels of metallothionein (MT), a biomarker of metal exposure, and of Cd and Cu, known as MT inducers, were investigated
in Sparus aurata intraperitoneally injected with 500 μg/kg of Cu and Cd for 2 days. MT and metal concentrations (Cd and Cu) were determined
in liver, gills and kidney. MT levels were significantly increased in all investigated tissues, with the highest value in
liver of Cu as Cd-treated fishes (3.56-fold and 3.3- fold, respectively). Metal concentrations were statistically different
between all tissues. Highest metal concentrations were in the liver. The higher metal concentrations and MT induction levels
support the main role of MT in metal homeostasis and detoxification. 相似文献
8.
von Bernuth H Picard C Jin Z Pankla R Xiao H Ku CL Chrabieh M Mustapha IB Ghandil P Camcioglu Y Vasconcelos J Sirvent N Guedes M Vitor AB Herrero-Mata MJ Aróstegui JI Rodrigo C Alsina L Ruiz-Ortiz E Juan M Fortuny C Yagüe J Antón J Pascal M Chang HH Janniere L Rose Y Garty BZ Chapel H Issekutz A Maródi L Rodriguez-Gallego C Banchereau J Abel L Li X Chaussabel D Puel A Casanova JL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5889):691-696
MyD88 is a key downstream adapter for most Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs). MyD88 deficiency in mice leads to susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens in experimental settings of infection. We describe a distinct situation in a natural setting of human infection. Nine children with autosomal recessive MyD88 deficiency suffered from life-threatening, often recurrent pyogenic bacterial infections, including invasive pneumococcal disease. However, these patients were otherwise healthy, with normal resistance to other microbes. Their clinical status improved with age, but not due to any cellular leakiness in MyD88 deficiency. The MyD88-dependent TLRs and IL-1Rs are therefore essential for protective immunity to a small number of pyogenic bacteria, but redundant for host defense to most natural infections. 相似文献
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10.
Hanane Djelailia Rachid Bouraoui Bayrem Jemmali Taha Najar 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2020,55(9):1250-1257
This work aims to study the relationship between variations of the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) and the parameters of reproduction especially the first conception rate (FCR) and to determine the threshold THI value where cows’ fertility rate dropped in 12 Holstein dairy herds raised in the arid climatic conditions of Tunisia. THI values were calculated over 22 years (1996–2018), and the mean monthly temperature and relative humidity data were obtained from the Meteorological Institute of Tunisia. A total of 20,396 individual records (Insemination and calving dates) were extracted from the Livestock and Pasturing Office (OEP, Tunisia) with regard to the highest THI before breeding, on the breeding day, and after breeding. Statistical analysis was performed using the GLM procedure of SAS software. Results point to the fact that a summer heat stress exists in southeast Tunisia and lasts for 4 months starting from June until September with THI values fluctuating between 73 ± 2.38 and 79 ± 3.01 exceeding, therefore, THI threshold of 72. Increased THI from ≤70 to ≥80 units was associated with drops in conception rate (CR) and fertility rate (FR) of 49% and 45% giving a correlation with the THI of (r = −.72, p < .05) and (r = −.74, p < .05), respectively. When cows were inseminated on extremely hot days (THI ≥ 80) preceded by cooler temperatures, pregnancy by service (P/AI) was 7% points higher than for other cows that were exposed to high temperatures before breeding. The average number of insemination was higher (p < .05) from THI ≤ 70 (2.01) compared to THI ≥ 80 (3.41). Cows calving during an absence of heat stress (THI ≤ 70) have the shortest average calving intervals (CI: 420 ± 15.1 days). Contrastly, calving in the condition of heat stress (THI ≥ 80) has the longest CI (487 ± 12.8 days). For each point increase in the THI value above 67, there is a decrease in the first conception rate by 1.39%. In this particular arid environment, high-yielding Holstein cows’ breeding success is strongly affected by heat stress that takes place just before or after breeding. 相似文献