Sulfur Deposition in Asia: Seasonal Behavior and Contributions from Various Energy Sectors     

Guttikunda  Sarath K.  Thongboonchoo  Narisara  Arndt  Richard L.  Calori  Giuseppe  Carmichael  Gregory R.  Streets  David G. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,131(1-4):383-406

Sulfur transport and deposition in Asia, on an annual andseasonal basis, is analyzed using the ATMOS model. Calculationsare performed for two complete years (1990 and 1995). Deposition amounts in excess of 0.5 g S m^-2 yr^-1 are estimated for large regions in Asia, with values as high as 10 g S m^-2 yr^-1 in southeastern China. Annual averaged SO₂ concentrations in excess of 20 μg SO₂ m^-3 are calculated for many urban and suburban areas ofeastern China and S. Korea, with an average of 5 μg SO₂ m^-3 over most of the emitter regions. Sulfur deposition by major source categories is also studied. Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore)receives ～25% of its sulfur deposition from shipping activities. Sulfur deposition from bio-fuel burning is significant for most of the underdeveloped regions in Asia. Volcanoes are a major source of sulfur emissions in the PacificOcean, Papua New Guinea, Philippines and Southern Japan. Sulfur deposition is shown to vary significantly throughout the year.The monsoons are found to be the largest factor controlling sulfur transport and deposition in the Indian sub-continent andSoutheast Asia. India receives over 35% of its total depositionduring the summer months. In East Asia, sulfur deposition isestimated to be 10% higher during summer and fall than winterand spring. Model results are compared with observations from a number of monitoring networks in Asia and are found to be generally consistent with the limited observations.  相似文献   

Model Intercomparison Study of Long Range Transport and Sulfur Deposition in East Asia (MICS-ASIA)     

Carmichael  Gregory R.  Hayami  Hiroshi  Calori  Giuseppe  Uno  Itsushi  Cho  Seog Yeon  Engardt  Magnuz  Kim  Seung-Bum  Ichikawa  Yoichi  Ikeda  Yukoh  Ueda  Hiromasa  Amann  Markus 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):51-62

To help improve the use of models in science & policy analysis in Asia it is necessary to have a better understanding of model performance and uncertainties. Towards this goal an intercomparison exercise has been initiated as a collaborative study of scientists interested in long-range transport in East Asia. An overview of this study is presented in this paper. The study consists of a set of prescribed test calculations with carefully controlled experiments. Models used the same domain, emission inventory, model parameters, meteorological conditions, etc. Two periods (January and May 1993) were selected to reflect long-range transport conditions under two distinct seasons. During these periods measurements of sulfur concentrations and deposition were made throughout the study region using identical sampling and analysis protocols. The intercomparison activity consists of four tasks (Blind Test, Fixed Parameter Test, Source Receptor test, and Tuning Test). All participants were asked to do Task A, and as many of the other tasks as possible. To date seven different models have participated in this study. Results and key findings are presented.  相似文献   

Seed potato minituber production in an aeroponic system under tropical conditions: electrical conductivity and plant density     

Alex Humberto Calori  Thiago Leandro Factor  José Carlos Feltran  Eduardo Yuji Watanabe  Carolina Cinto de Moraes  Luis Felipe Villani Purquerio 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(17):2200-2209

Abstract

Most seed potatoes in Brazil are produced in beds, pots or boxes containing substrate, but the yields are low. Aeroponic systems are one strategy for increasing the yield. However, the concentration of nutrient solutions, managed by varying the electrical conductivity (EC), is of upmost importance and can alter plant responses. Plant density is another important factor for obtaining high yields. The objective of this study was thus to determine the effect of nutrient-solution EC and plant density on plant and seed potato production in aeroponic system. The experimental design was a randomized block with a split-plot design and four replicates, with plots for EC and subplots for plant density. Two potato cultivars were tested. The best ECs for “Agata” and “Asterix” were 2.1 and 1.7?dS?m^?1, respectively. The highest plant density (100 plants m^?2) for both cultivars produced the highest minituber yield and economic feasibility.  相似文献   

Application of a Photochemical Model in Alpine Forest Sites     

Pirovano  G.  Simoni  P.  Ballarin Denti  A.  Angelino  E.  Calori  G.  Finardi  S. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,132(3-4):233-249

Mountain rural sites can be subject to high ozone concentrations (Puxbaum et al., 1991; Gay, 1991; Sandroni,1994) that can lead to plant injuries. Very often, unfortunately,such sites do not have a sufficient number of monitoring stations to accurately capture the spatial patterns and temporal evolution of ozone concentrations. The present studyaims at the reproduction of ozone patterns in a forest site onthe southern slopes of the Alps. The calculation of ozone concentrations has been carried out for a three days episode,by using the CALGRID model. Meteorological fields have been obtained by the application of the CALMET model. Emissions have been calculated for the main sources categories in the area (biogenic and road transport), with a bottom up techniqueand derived from a regional inventory for minor sources. Finally, boundary conditions have been derived from a simulation performed over a larger area (240 × 232 km²). The CALGRID model application has provided realistic ground-level concentrations. However, some differences have been spotted between estimated and observedconcentrations, particularly at nighttime, when concentrationsare more influenced by local effects. The methodology used andresults obtained are presented, the comparison with measurements and the temporal evolution of ozone vertical profile in different locations of the domain is discussed.  相似文献