Land Use,Land Use Change and Forestry Related GHG Emissions in Lebanon: Economic Valuation and Policy Options     

El-Fadel  M.  Jamali  D.  Khorbotly  D. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2002,137(1-4):287-303

Global climate change has been one of the most challengingenvironmental concerns facing policy makers in the past decade.The characterization of the wide range of greenhouse gas (GHG)sources and sinks as well as the behavior of GHGs in theatmosphere remains an on-going activity in many countries.Lebanon, being a signatory to the Framework Convention onClimate Change, is required to submit and regularly update anational inventory of GHG emission sources and removals.Accordingly, an inventory of greenhouse gases from varioussectors was conducted following the guidelines set by theUnited Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Theinventory indicated that the land use, land use change, andforestry sector contributed about 1% to the totalgreenhouse gas emissions instead of acting as a sink. Thisarticle proposes mitigation scenarios to reduce these emissionsand increase carbon sequestration in the Lebanese land use.Limitations in emission estimation, economic valuation, andpolicy options are also addressed.  相似文献   

Mobility and Availability of Copper in Agricultural Soils Irrigated from Water Treated with Copper Sulfate Algaecide     

D. Salam  M. El-Fadel 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2008,193(1-4):3-13

A mesocosm system was designed to study evaporation kinetics and transport of TCE in flowing surface water. The airtight unit, with a total internal volume of 52.01?×?10^?2 m³, was fabricated with glass and Teflon material, and was provided with 8.53 m long channel to simulate water flow in an open channel. The peristaltic pumps, connected to the inlet and the outlet of the mesocosm, provided a constant water flow through the channels. The experimental studies were conducted at two different velocities, 9.42?×?10^?3 and 4.71?×?10^–3 m/s, respectively. For both the velocities, a tracer (NaBr) test confirmed uniform water flow in the channels. The total length and the length between the sampling ports were found sufficient to record gradual decrease in TCE concentrations along the direction of the flow in the channels. The volatilization coefficient for TCE was found to be 0.49 and 1.07 h^?1 for the experiments conducted at lower and higher water velocities, respectively. The TCE evaporation half life (t 1/2) and the corresponding evaporation half distance (d 1/2) were 1.41 h and 23.98 m for lower velocity, and 0.65 h and 21.96 m for higher velocity, respectively.  相似文献