Development and psychometric testing of an instrument designed to measure chronic pain in dogs with osteoarthritis     

Brown DC  Boston RC  Coyne JC  Farrar JT 《American journal of veterinary research》2007,68(6):631-637

OBJECTIVE: To develop and psychometrically test an owner self-administered questionnaire designed to assess severity and impact of chronic pain in dogs with osteoarthritis. SAMPLE POPULATION: 70 owners of dogs with osteoarthritis and 50 owners of clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURES: Standard methods for the stepwise development and testing of instruments designed to assess subjective states were used. Items were generated through focus groups and an expert panel. Items were tested for readability and ambiguity, and poorly performing items were removed. The reduced set of items was subjected to factor analysis, reliability testing, and validity testing. RESULTS: Severity of pain and interference with function were 2 factors identified and named on the basis of the items contained in them. Cronbach's alpha was 0.93 and 0.89, respectively, suggesting that the items in each factor could be assessed as a group to compute factor scores (ie, severity score and interference score). The test-retest analysis revealed kappa values of 0.75 for the severity score and 0.81 for the interference score. Scores correlated moderately well (r = 0.51 and 0.50, respectively) with the overall quality-of-life (QOL) question, such that as severity and interference scores increased, QOL decreased. Clinically normal dogs had significantly lower severity and interference scores than dogs with osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A psychometrically sound instrument was developed. Responsiveness testing must be conducted to determine whether the questionnaire will be useful in reliably obtaining quantifiable assessments from owners regarding the severity and impact of chronic pain and its treatment on dogs with osteoarthritis.  相似文献   

New York state cabbage and potato growers organization campaign     

W. B. Farrar 《American Journal of Potato Research》1924,1(5):20-20

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Temporal and spatial dynamics of soil solution C and N concentrations during Lolium perenne L. sward establishment and the effects of elevated CO₂ and N additions     

P.W. Hill  D.L. Jones  J.F. Farrar 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(6):1290-1297

There is now clear evidence for a prolonged increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and enrichment of the biosphere with N. Understanding the fate of C in the plant-soil system under different CO₂ and N regimes is therefore of considerable importance in predicting the environmental effects of climate change and in predicting the sustainability of ecosystems. Swards of Lolium perenne were grown from seed in a Eutric Cambisol at either ambient (ca. 350 μmol mol⁻¹) or elevated (700 μmol mol⁻¹) atmospheric pCO₂ and subjected to two inorganic N fertilizer regimes (no added N and 70 kg N ha⁻¹ month⁻¹). After germination, soil solution concentrations of dissolved organic C (DOC), dissolved inorganic N (DIN), dissolved organic N (DON), phenolics and H⁺ were measured at five depths down the soil profile over 3 months. The exploration of soil layers down the soil profile by roots caused transient increases in soil solution DOC, DON and phenolic concentrations, which then subsequently returned to lower quasi-stable concentrations. In general, the addition of N tended to increase DOC and DON concentrations while exposure to elevated pCO₂ had the opposite effect. These treatment effects, however, gradually diminished over the duration of the experiment from the top of the soil profile downwards. The ambient pCO₂ plus added N regime was the only treatment to maintain a notable difference in soil solution solute concentration, relative to other treatments. This effect on soil solution chemistry appeared to be largely indirect resulting from increased plant growth and a decrease in soil moisture content. Our results show that although plant growth responses to elevated pCO₂ are critically dependent upon N availability, the organic chemistry of the soil solution is relatively insensitive to changes in plant growth once the plants have become established.  相似文献   

Regulation of expression of the interleukin-2 receptor on hematopoietic cells by interleukin-3   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

M C Birchenall-Sparks  W L Farrar  D Rennick  P L Kilian  F W Ruscetti 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,233(4762):455-458

Remarkable similarities in the intracellular and genetic events occur when lymphoid and hematopoietic cells are exposed to their specific growth factors. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, whose cell-surface expression is an absolute requirement for the growth and differentiation of lymphoid cells, was detected on various nonlymphoid hematopoietic cell types in this study. Cell lines consisting either of granulocyte-macrophage precursors or mast cells, which are dependent on interleukin-3 (IL-3) for their growth, expressed high levels of the IL-2 receptor on their surface. Analysis of the binding characteristics of these receptors with 125I-labeled recombinant IL-2 revealed that only receptors with low affinity for IL-2 were present on these cells. Addition of purified recombinant IL-3 to these cell lines led to an increase in IL-2 receptor gene expression within 1 hour in isolated nuclei. This IL-3--induced increase in the number of IL-2 receptors on the cell surface is maximal within 24 hours. Addition of 10,000 units of IL-2 to these cells had no apparent effect on their growth or differentiation. The presence of the receptor with only low affinity for IL-2 on hematopoietic cells and the regulation by IL-3 suggest that this receptor is involved in some important metabolic event in hematopoiesis.  相似文献   

Chemical reactions. Steric and solvent effects in ionic reactions     

Farrar JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5563):2222-2223

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Short-term effects of organo-mineral enriched biochar fertiliser on ginger yield and nutrient cycling     

Farrar  Michael B.  Wallace  Helen M.  Xu  Cheng-Yuan  Nguyen  Thi Thu Nhan  Tavakkoli  Ehsan  Joseph  Stephen  Bai  Shahla Hosseini 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(2):668-682

Purpose

Biochar has agronomic potential but currently is too expensive for widespread adoption. New methodologies are emerging to reduce the cost such as enriching biochar with nutrients that match crops and soil requirements. However, the effects of biochar-based fertilisers on plant yield and soil nutrient availability have not been widely examined. This study investigated the effects of a novel organo-mineral biochar fertiliser in comparison to organic and commercial biochar fertiliser on ginger (Zingiber officinale Canton).

Materials and methods

There were four treatments: (1) commercial organic fertiliser (5 t ha^?1), as the control; (2) commercial biochar-based fertiliser (5 t ha^?1); (3) organo-mineral biochar fertiliser at low rate (3 t ha^?1); and (4) organo-mineral biochar fertiliser at high rate (7.5 t ha^?1). A replicated pot trial was established with black dermosol soil and ten replicate pots for each treatment. Ginger was planted and grown for 30 weeks. Plant growth, biomass, foliar nutrients and water extractable soil nutrients including phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) were examined.

Results and discussion

High rate organo-mineral biochar fertiliser increased soil P and K availability at week 30 (harvest) after planting, compared to all other treatments and low rate organo-mineral biochar fertiliser performed similarly to the organic control for P and K. High rate organo-mineral biochar fertiliser increased total foliar nutrient content at week 30 in P, K and Ca compared to commercial biochar fertiliser. High rate organo-mineral biochar fertiliser improved the commercial value of ginger (+?36%) due to a shift in the proportion of higher grade rhizomes. Low rate organo-mineral biochar fertiliser plants displayed similar yield, total dry and aboveground biomass to commercial organic fertiliser. Commercial biochar fertiliser had significantly lower biomass measures compared with other treatments as the rate applied had lower nutrient concentrations.

Conclusions

Our results show organo-mineral biochar fertilisers could be substituted for commercial organic fertilisers at low rates to maintain similar yield or applied at high rates to increase commercial value where economically feasible.

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Thyroid Hormones and Their Influences on Larval Performance and Incidence of Cannibalism in Walleye Stizostedion vitreum1     

Jane Hey  Eugenia Farrar  Brian T. Bristow  Craig Stettner  Robert C. Summerfelt 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1996,27(1):40-51

Thyroid hormones, 3,5,3′,5′- tetraiodothyronine (T₄) and 3,5,3′- triiodothyronine (T₃) have been found in the eggs of several teleost species and are potential regulators of larval development, growth, and survival. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether natural variation of T₃ and T₄ in the eggs of six stocks of walleye, five wild stocks from Kansas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota, and a semi-domesticated stock from an Ohio fish hatchery, have an effect on larval performance in mass culture. Immersion studies were conducted with samples of larvae from four of the same stocks at exposure concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 ppm of T₃ and T₄. Natural egg concentrations of T₃ (range from 0.70 to 1.5 ng/g wet weight of egg) were not significantly different among stocks. Although means of T₄ concentration among stocks were significantly different (range 0.53–9.27 ng/g), the difference was caused by the exceptionally high concentration for the Wisconsin stock (9.27 ng/g ± 2.20). Performance measures of the Wisconsin stock (Mississippi River), were not related to T₄ concentration in that stock. In spite of similarity in concentrations of T₄ and T₃ in the eggs, there were significant performance differences among the stocks (survival to 21 d, gas bladder inflation, viability, cannibalism, and growth). The immersion studies, however, revealed a significant difference in incidence of cannibalism and temperature units (TU) to 50% mortality (i.e., survival) between the control groups and treatment groups exposed to 0.01 to 0.1 ppm T₃ and T₄. Survival was extended more than 2-fold longer in larvae immersed in T₃ compared with T₄. The immersion study indicated that thyroid hormones are potentially regulators of walleye development, but further investigations are needed to determine reasons for differences in larval performance based on natural concentrations in the egg and artificial exposure (immersion).  相似文献   

What Is Your Diagnosis?     

Bird KE  Farrar WP  Whitney MS 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》1996,25(3):90-92

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Influence of swab material on the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by real-time PCR     

Ferguson-Noel N  Laibinis VA  Farrar M 《Avian diseases》2012,56(2):310-314

Recent reports have shown an increased recovery of cells from flocked nylon swabs which may improve the specimen quality and the real sensitivity of diagnostic tests in a clinical setting. In this study, the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS), using dry swabs of different materials (nylon flocked, cotton, and polyester), was investigated using real-time TaqMan PCR protocols. Different types of samples, including dilutions of pure broth cultures of MG and MS as well as swabs from tracheas of experimentally infected chickens and field cases of infection, were analyzed. There were no statistical differences in real-time PCR results among the different swab types (P < 0.05), indicating that this is not likely to be a significant factor in MG and MS detection by this method.  相似文献   

The hydraulic conductivity of roots of rust-infected barley seedlings     

C.A. Berryman  D. Eamus  J.F. Farrar 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》1991,38(6)

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