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1.
Fauziah Tufail Ahmad Robert E. Asenstorfer Imelda R. Soriano Daryl J. Mares 《Journal of Cereal Science》2013
The creamy colour of many wheat-based end-products is conferred by endogenous lutein. During post-harvest storage of grain, free lutein may be converted in part to potentially more stable lutein mono- and di-fatty acid esters. This study investigates the synthesis of lutein esters and stability of free lutein and lutein esters over a wide range of temperatures in grain of a high lutein bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. line DM5685*B12 and a durum, Triticum durum L cv Kamilaroi. Disappearance of free lutein and lutein esterification followed first order reaction rates. The maximum rate of lutein esterification was at ≈80 °C, however, the optimum temperature for maximum synthesis with minimum degradation was between 30 °C and 60 °C. No ester synthesis was observed at temperatures higher than 120 °C. The data are consistent with an enzyme participating in the esterification reaction. Lutein esters were found to be more stable than free lutein with a longer shelf life at 60 °C whilst at temperatures ≤40 °C, lutein degradation was minimal. This study provides new information on lutein ester formation and lutein stability that should be useful to grain handlers and food manufacturers seeking to optimise retention of lutein for the benefit of consumers. 相似文献
2.
Fauziah Abdullah Partiban Subramanian Halijah Ibrahim Sri Nurestri Abdul Malek Guan Serm Lee Sok Lai Hong 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2015,15(1)
Dual choice bioassays were used to evaluate the antifeedant property of essential oil and methanolic extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) (locally known as lengkuas) against two species of termites, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) and Coptotermes curvignathus (Holmgren) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). A 4-cm-diameter paper disc treated with A. galanga essential oil and another treated with either methanol or hexane as control were placed in a petri dish with 10 termites. Mean consumption of paper discs (miligram) treated with 2,000 ppm of essential oil by C. gestroi was 3.30 ± 0.24 mg and by C. curvignathus was 3.32 ± 0.24 mg. A. galanga essential oil showed significant difference in antifeedant effect, 2,000 ppm of A. galanga essential oil was considered to be the optimum concentration that gave maximum antifeedant effect. The essential oil composition was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major component of the essential oil was 1,8-cineol (61.9%). Antifeedant bioassay using 500 ppm of 1,8-cineol showed significant reduction in paper consumption by both termite species. Thus, the bioactive agent in A. galangal essential oil causing antifeeding activity was identified as 1,8-cineol. Repellent activity shows that 250 ppm of 1,8-cineol caused 50.00 ± 4.47% repellency for C. gestroi, whereas for C. curvignathus 750 ppm of 1,8-cineol was needed to cause similar repellent activity (56.67 ± 3.33%). C. curvignathus is more susceptible compare to C. gestroi in Contact Toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of C. curvignathus was 945 mg/kg, whereas LD50 value for C. gestroi was 1,102 mg/kg. Hence 1,8-cineol may be developed as an alternative control against termite in sustainable agriculture practices. 相似文献
3.
Fadzelly AB Asmah R Fauziah O 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(1):7-12
Strobilanthes crispus (Acanthaceae) has been used traditionally as antidiabetic, diuretic, antilytic, and laxative and has been proven scientifically to possess high antioxidant activity, anti-AIDS, and anticancer properties. It is commonly consumed in the form of herbal tea. The ethnopharmacological value of this plant, such as the development of nutraceutical S. crispus herbal tea (fermented and unfermented) and assessment of their antihyperglycemic properties were investigated. The antidiabetic properties of S. crispus fermented and unfermented tea was carried out in normal and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats for 21 days. Glucose and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) were determined at day 0 (baseline), day 7, and day 21. The results showed that the hot water extract of both fermented and unfermented S. crispus tea reduced blood glucose in hyperglycaemic rats. S. crispus unfermented tea also reduced glucose level in normal rat. Both fermented and unfermented S. crispus tea also showed to improve lipid profile. Antioxidant and polyphenol content that present in the extracts might contribute to the antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic properties. Further study is needed to be carried out in pre-clinical and clinical environment to prove its efficacy in human. 相似文献
4.
M. A. R. S. Shazana J. Shamshuddin C. I. Fauziah S. R. Syed Omar 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2013,24(2):129-140
A study was conducted into the alleviation of the infertility of an acid sulphate by using ground basalt with or without ground magnesium limestone (GML) and organic fertilizer. Fresh soils were treated with the amendments and subjected to two cycles of submergence and drying. The soil was dominated by kaolinite, mica and smectite. The untreated soil pH was <3·5 and solution Al was high. GML application at 4 t ha−1 was able to increase pH and subsequently reduced Al toxicity sufficiently to allow for rice growth. After 4 months of submergence, the pH of the sample treated with 4 t ground basalt ha−1 had increased from 3·61 to 3·94, with concomitant decrease of Al. In the same cycle, the soil pH increase was much higher (reaching 5·22). Ground basalt is thus comparable with GML as an acid soil ameliorant. Within the experimental period, the ground basalt had mostly disintegrated and dissolved. The solution pH had further increased (to 5·94) in the second cycle because of dissolution of more ground basalt. This means that it takes time for ground basalt to completely dissolve and consequently supply Ca, Mg, K and P to the growing crop in the field. Applying 0·25 t organic fertilizer ha−1 into the soil had no significant effect on either pH or Al. This form of organic matter (compost) contains essential nutrients. It is recommended that 4 t ground basalt should be applied in combination with 0·25 t organic fertilizer ha−1 a few months ahead of the growing season for maximal benefit. This study showed that ground basalt can be effectively used to ameliorate highly acidic soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
Topical application of the synergists piperonyl butoxide (PB) and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) to second-instar larvae of a standard laboratory strain (FS) and an unselected Malaysian field strain (CH) of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella had no significant effect on the toxicity of the acylurea insecticides, chlorfluazuron and teflubenzuron, in a subsequent leafdip bioassay. In contrast, pre-treatment with PB or DEF in acylurea-selected subpopulations of the CH strain with varying levels of cross-resistance to chlorfluazuron and teflubenzuron significantly increased (up to 34-fold and 28-fold, respectively) the toxicity of both compounds, suggesting that microsomal monooxygenases and esterases may be involved in resistance. The addition of a mineral oil, ‘Sunspray 6E’, to topically-applied chlorfluazuron consistently reduced its LD50 value, and the effect of the oil appeared to be greatest on the most resistant population of P. xylostella. However, the effects of the oil were not significant (P > 0·05) and further studies are necessary to determine whether a penetration factor is present in the CH strain. 相似文献
6.
The activities of the acylurea insect growth regulators, chlorfluazuron, teflubenzuron and difubenzuron, and the neurotoxic macrocyclic lactone, abamectin were assessed against a laboratory susceptible (FS) strain and a field (Cameron Highlands, Malaysia (CH)) strain of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. using a leaf-dip bioassay at 20°C. The time taken to achieve end-point mortality was found to vary considerably (9–17 days), being fastest with abamectin against the FS strain and slowest with difubenzuron against the CH strain. The order of activity (LC50 at F6/7) against second-instar larvae of both strains was: abamectin > chlorfluazuron = teflubenzuron ? difubenzuron. Subsequent assays (F14) with the acylureas, flufenoxuron and hexaflumuron against the FS strain suggested that the former was slightly more active than chlorfluazuron or teflubenzuron, the latter slightly less active. The CH population was found to be 12.6-, 6.7-, 6.4- and 2.3-fold less sensitive to difubenzuron, teflubenzuron, chlorfluazuron and abamectin respectively than the FS strain. Selection of sub-populations of the CH strain with chlorfluazuron (CHL-SEL) and teflubenzuron (TEF-SEL) for six generations (F6-11), resulted in LC50 resistance ratios of 109- and 315-fold respectively when compared with the FS strain, equivalent to an 18- and a 46-fold increase in resistance compared with the unselected CH strain. Marked cross-resistance was also demonstrated between chlorfluazuron and teflubenzuron in both sub-populations. However, there was no evidence of cross-resistance to dijlubenzuron and abamectin and little or no cross-resistance to flufenoxuron and hexaflumuron. Resistance to chlorfluazuron and teflubenzuron appeared to be relatively unstable in the TEF-SEL compared with the CHL-SEL sub-population (over 6–9 generations). However, reselection of the TEF-SEL population with chlorfluazuron (F18–20) led to a very rapid increase in resistance to chlorfluazuron and particularly teflubenzuron. For the latter compound, resistance factors of about 1000000 were obtained (F19, 21). Such values are probably only semi-quantitative, as above a certain level of resistance feeding bioassays with acylureas (compounds which are active to a significant extent by ingestion) are likely to become rate-limiting. 相似文献
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8.
A study was conducted along the Kelantan–Terengganu Coastal Plains, Peninsular Malaysia to explain the occurrence of sandy beach ridges and to determine the physico-chemical properties of the soils formed on them. Two or occasionally three series of sandy ridges running parallel to the shoreline occur in the area. These ridges are believed to have been formed by the continuous action of the sea waves following changes in the sea level during the Holocene, the oldest ridge being the one farthest away from the shoreline. In between these ridges occurs a slight depression, usually occupied by soils under submerged condition. The soils on the ridges are subjected to the processes of soil formation, mainly podzolization. There is no horizon differentiation in the soils on the ridge nearest to the shoreline. However, soils on the older ridges contain spodic horizon, occurring at varying depths. Drainage and the depth below which this spodic horizon occurs are the deciding factors for determining soil type (series). Physically, the soils are sandy containing > 95% sand, with the drainage varying from moderately well to excessively-drained for the soils on the ridges. Under this condition, the mineralogy of the clay and silt fractions is dominated by quartz; some feldspars, mica, kaolinite, gibbsite and anatase are also present. Sandy nature of the soils on beach ridges, extreme leaching, low cation exchange capacity and low exchangeable bases leads to their low productivity. 相似文献
9.
A. B. Mohd Fadzelly R. Asmah O. Fauziah 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(1):6-11
Strobilanthes crispus (Acanthaceae) has been used traditionally as antidiabetic, diuretic, antilytic, and laxative and has been proven scientifically to possess high antioxidant activity, anti-AIDS, and anticancer properties. It is commonly consumed in the form of herbal tea. The ethnopharmacological value of this plant, such as the development of nutraceutical S. crispus herbal tea (fermented and unfermented) and assessment of their antihyperglycemic properties were investigated. The antidiabetic properties of S. crispus fermented and unfermented tea was carried out in normal and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats for 21 days. Glucose and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) were determined at day 0 (baseline), day 7, and day 21. The results showed that the hot water extract of both fermented and unfermented S. crispus tea reduced blood glucose in hyperglycaemic rats. S. crispus unfermented tea also reduced glucose level in normal rat. Both fermented and unfermented S. crispus tea also showed to improve lipid profile. Antioxidant and polyphenol content that present in the extracts might contribute to the antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic properties. Further study is needed to be carried out in pre-clinical and clinical environment to prove its efficacy in human. 相似文献
10.
Three Oxisols, developed from serpentinite (Sungai Mas Series), basalt (Kuantan Series) and andesite (Segamat Series), selected to represent the most common Oxisols in Malaysia were sampled and studied. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine mineralogical composition and factors responsible for changes in point of zero charge (pH0) of the variable charge component of three Oxisols; (ii) to use pH0 values to assess degree of chemical weathering; and (iii) to determine the magnitude of variable charge using corrected back-titration technique. The mineralogical composition was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The pH0 was determined by potentiometric titration in different electrolyte strengths. The magnitude of variable charge generation as a function of soil pH was measured using corrected back-titration to allow elimination of charge overestimation caused by solid dissolution and hydrolysis reactions. The results showed that the mineralogical composition were similar (kaolinite, goethite, hematite and gibbsite) between profiles but different in proportion, except for gibbsite which was absent in the andesite-derived soil. The sequential removal of soil organic matter (SOM), iron oxides and SOM together with iron oxides resulted in the changes of pH0 from 3.9–5.7 to 5.3–6.7, 2.6–3.7 and 3.3–4.5, respectively. These pH0 changes indicate SOM and sesquioxides are masking mineral surfaces and are factors responsible for lowering and increasing pH0 values, respectively. Regression correlation (R2 = 0.87??) showed that for every 1% organic C may decrease 1.0 unit of pH0 value. The pH0 values, after SOM removal, are in the order of Sungai Mas ～ Segamat > Kuantan Series. This suggests that the serpentinite and andesite-derived soils have achieved a relatively similar degree of chemical weathering and they are more weathered than the basalt-derived soil. The charge measured by corrected back-titration is 1.5–3.8 cmolc kg? 1 at pH 4.5 and increases to 4.2–10.8 cmolc kg? 1 at pH 6.5, indicating that the three Oxisols mainly bear variable charge. Charge overestimation resulted from dissolution and hydrolysis reactions during potentiometric titration ranges from 36 to 160%, depending on pH values (the lower the pH the higher is the overestimation). Hence, back-titration is a reliable technique to correct charge overestimation when using the traditional potentiometric titration for highly weathered tropical soils. 相似文献