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On the relation of herbicide adsorption and soil organic fraction Freundlich adsorption isotherms were measured for four herbicides (atrazine, terbuthylazine, chlorotoluron, isoproturon) and 24 soil horizons, which are typical of Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany. The relationship between the adsorption constant (KFr) of a chemical and the fraction of organic carbon (fOC) of the soil horizons was evaluated. Chemical specific K'OC-values, that are independent of soil organic carbon fraction varied considerably for each herbicide (CV about 50%); therefore these values as well as KOC-values, that are determined by linear regression of KFr and fOC should be evaluated critically before application. K'OC- and KOC-values derived from experiments showed decreasing affinity of the herbicides to soil horizons in the order terbuthylazine > chlorotoluron > atrazine ? isoproturon. Calculation of KOC from KOW or water solubility of each herbicide, however, led to changes in the above mentioned ranking. Hence, especially KOW or water solubility based KOC-values may lead to false conclusions concerning chemical mobility. For atrazine, terbuthylazine and isoproturon Freundlich adsorption constants increased overproportionally with increasing organic carbon content of soils. The relationships between KFr and fOC therefore were described better by a non-linear equation (second order polynom) than by a linear approach. Contrary, for chlorotoluron a linear relation between KFr and fOC holds at least for the range of fOC investigated in this study. 相似文献
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In Soon Pack Yu-Jin Kim Eun Soo Youk Woo Kyu Lee Won Kee Yoon Kee Woong Park Chang-Gi Kim Chee Hark Harn Hwan Mook Kim Soon-Chun Jeong 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2012,15(2):107-115
The Cucumber mosaic virus coat protein (CMV-CP) gene-transgenic pepper lines exhibit high tolerance to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strains. In this study, E7, one of the CMVP0-CP transgenic chili pepper events selected by screening was further characterized.
Southern blotting and inverse PCR analysis revealed that the E7 event contains a single copy of the inserted gene cassette
whose flanking sequences appear to be noncoding and intergenic. We searched for pepper-specific DNA sequence candidates as
an endogenous reference gene for GM-pepper detection. We found that only one copy of CaSIG4 and lipocalin genes are present in the pepper genome and their sequences were determined to be pepper-specific. The characterization of
the genomic sequences flanking the transgene, as well as the availability of the pepper-specific single copy CaSIG4 and lipocalin genes as endogenous reference genes, enabled the design of E7-event-specific PCR-based quantitative detection methods. The
CMV-CP protein levels in the CMV-inoculated wild-type pepper tissues were approximately 60 times higher than those in the
uninoculated and CMV-inoculated E7 pepper tissues. These results suggested that the amount of CMV-CP expressed in transgenic
pepper tissue was negligible relative to the amount of CMV-CP in the virus-infected wild-type pepper consumed by human beings.
This work may prove useful for risk assessment studies of transgenic pepper lines. Furthermore, the characterized single copy
genes, lipocalin and CaSIG4, may be used to develop a method to detect gene copy number variations in the pepper genome. 相似文献
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Sangkyu Park Mi Ja Seo Ji Eun Yeon Soon-Chun Jeong Chee Hark Harn 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(8):2344-2349
To assess the impact of a transgenic crop on soil environment, we compared soil bacterial communities from the rhizospheres of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV)-resistant transgenic watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris [Twinser] cv. Gongdae) and non-transgenic parental line watermelon at an experimental farm in Miryang, Korea. Soil microbial community structure was studied using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) using HaeIII and HhaI enzymes on products from polymerase chain amplification reactions (PCR) of total DNA from rhizosphere. We used principal component analyses (PCA) to reduce dimensionality of T-RFLP profiles before comparison. On these PCA scores, we conducted discrimination analyses to compare soil microbial communities from the rhizosphere of transgenic and non-transgenic. Discriminant analyses indicate that microbial communities from rhizosphere of transgenic and non-transgenic watermelon did not differ with significance at 95% level. Our study could be used as a model case to assess the environmental risk assessment of transgenic crops on soil microbial organisms. 相似文献
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Modeling nitrate leaching from grazed pasture A method for estimating nitrate concentrations in seepage water under pastures using the model WASMOD was developed. Urin-N and dung-N input by grazing cattle was calculated as a function of stocking rate, length of grazing, and amounts of urin-N and dung-N excreted (data from literature). Urin-N was modeled as NH4+-fertilizer, dung-N as fresh organic matter (C/N ratio 18.6:1). The model was tested using average stocking rates on pastures and mowing pastures inside the waterworks ‘Föhr-West’ catchment area and a long-term climate scenario (35 yr). The modeled average nitrate concentration (55.5 mg l−1) agreed well with the average nitrate concentration measured in the public wells (59.5 mg l−1). Model studies indicate that the nitrate concentrations in seepage water can be reduced by 40% if the cattle graze only 9 hours per day and no longer than until mid of September. 相似文献
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