Functional and Nutritional Characteristics of Soft Wheat Grown in No‐Till and Conventional Cropping Systems     

Eun Young Park  Byung‐Kee Baik  Stephen Machado  Hero T. Gollany  E. Patrick Fuerst 《Cereal Chemistry》2015,92(3):332-338

The effects of no‐till versus conventional farming practices were evaluated on soft wheat functional and nutritional characteristics, including kernel physical properties, whole wheat composition, antioxidant activity, and end‐product quality. Soft white winter wheat cultivar ORCF 102 was evaluated over a two‐year period from three long‐term replicated no‐till versus conventional tillage studies in Oregon. Wheat from the no‐till cropping systems generally had greater test weight, kernel diameter, and kernel weight and had softer kernels compared with wheat from the conventional tillage systems. Compared with the conventional systems, no‐till whole wheat flour had lower protein and SDS sedimentation volume. Ash content as well as most minerals measured (calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc), except for manganese and phosphorus, were generally slightly lower in no‐till than in conventional wheat. Whole wheat flour from the no‐till cropping systems generally had slightly lower total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity. Milling properties, including flour yield, break flour yield, and mill score, were not affected by tillage systems. Refined flour from no‐till systems had lower protein, SDS sedimentation volume, and lactic acid and sucrose solvent retention capacities compared with flour from conventional tillage. No‐till wheat generally had greater sugar‐snap cookie diameter than conventionally tilled wheat. In conclusion, no‐till soft white winter wheat generally had slightly reduced nutritional properties (protein, ash, most minerals, and total antioxidant content) compared with wheat from conventionally tilled systems, and it had equivalent or sometimes superior functional properties for baking cookie‐type products.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the efficacy of tulathromycin as a metaphylactic antimicrobial in feedlot calves     

Booker CW  Abutarbush SM  Schunicht OC  Jim GK  Perrett T  Wildman BK  Guichon PT  Pittman TJ  Jones C  Pollock CM 《Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine》2007,8(3):183-200

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of tulathromycin (DRAX) versus tilmicosin (MIC) or oxytetracycline (TET) as a metaphylactic antimicrobial in feedlot calves. Calves that received DRAX had significantly (P<.05) lower initial undifferentiated fever (UF) treatment and relapse rates; lower overall chronicity, overall mortality, and cause-specific mortality rates; higher average daily gains; and improved quality grades. However, calves that received DRAX also had poorer (P<.05) yield grades compared with calves that received MIC or TET and worse feed conversion compared with calves that received MIC. Net advantages in the DRAX group were 3.79CanDollars/animal and 16.96CanDollars/animal compared with the MIC and TET groups, respectively. Based on these results, DRAX is a more efficacious and cost-effective metaphylactic antimicrobial than MIC or TET in feedlot calves at ultra-high risk of developing UF. In addition, this study presents a comparison between two methods ("deads out" and "deads in") of calculating feedlot performance variables.  相似文献   

Defruiting effect of young Fuyu persimmon (Diospyros kaki) on assimilate partitioning in-season and early growth the next season     

Soo Jeong Park  Young Kee Kim 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

Changes in the distribution of dry matter and nonstructural carbohydrates in various parts of young ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki) were examined with 3- and 4-year-old trees with (fruited) and without fruits (defruited). The effect of such changes was then monitored with regard to the magnitude of new growth the following year. From June 15 to November 1, fruiting significantly decreased the rate of dry weight accumulation in perennial parts of the tree. Dry matter was partitioned the most to fruits (68–72%) and the least to the roots. Of the total dry weight, root accounted for 8–27% in fruited and 58–62% in defruited trees. During this period, soluble sugars were three times more in fruited than in defruited trees, but more than 95% of sugars were in the fruits. Starch content increased in defruited trees, more than 93% of which being distributed to the perennial parts. Compared with fruited trees, defruiting in the previous year increased new shoot growth and the number of fruits the following year, with a 20–58% greater increase in dry matter. During the new growth from April 10 to June 10 the following year, root dry weight decreased by 30–32% in defruited trees, whereas it increased by 20–80% in the fruited ones. Soluble sugars in roots decreased by 8.8–19.7 g in defruited trees but increased by 9.7–12.3 g in fruited ones. Starch in roots decreased by 68–75.1 g in defruited trees but increased by 10.2–13.3 g in fruited ones. However, there were no significant differences in soluble sugars and starch in the newly grown parts. It was estimated that a 1-g difference in dry matter accumulated in the previous season resulted in a 116-mg and 256-mg difference in dry weight of newly grown parts, and a 6.5-mm and 17.5-mm new shoot in the following season for 3- and 4-year-old trees, respectively.  相似文献   

The effect of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on emissions of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane from a wheat field in a semi-arid environment in northern China     

Shu Kee Lam  Rob Norton  Deli Chen 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(2):458-461

There are no reports on the effects of elevated carbon dioxide [CO₂] on the fluxes of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ from semi-arid wheat cropping systems. These three soil gas fluxes were measured using closed chambers under ambient (420 ± 18 μmol mol⁻¹) and elevated (565 ± 37 μmol mol⁻¹) at the Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment experimental facility in northern China. Measurements were made over five weeks on a wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Zhongmai 175). Elevated [CO₂] increased N₂O and CO₂ emission from soil by 60% and 15%, respectively, but had no significant effect on CH₄ flux. There was no significant interaction between [CO₂] and N application rate on these gas fluxes, probably because soil N was not limiting. At least 22% increase in C storage is required to offset the observed increase in greenhouse gas emissions under elevated [CO₂].  相似文献   

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Singapore's Coastal Marine Environment: Part II,Sediments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Basheer  Chanbasha  Obbard  Jeffrey Philip  Lee  Hian Kee 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2003,149(1-4):315-325

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can enter the marine environment from a variety of anthropogenic sources. As some PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens and mutagens, their potential hazard to human health and the natural environment warrants investigation. This is the first reported study on the prevalence and concentration of PAHs in marine sediments from Singapore's coastal environment, and accompanies the report by Basheer et al. (2003) on the measurement of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in seawater. The concentration of 16 PAH, classified as USEPA priority pollutants were analysed in sediments from 22 sample stations located within the northeastern and southwestern regions of Singapore's marine waters. The total PAH concentration varied between 15.22 μg g^-1 and 82.41 μg g^-1 in the northeastern region and between 13.63 μg g^-1 and 84.92 μg g^-1in the southwestern region. The highest concentration of total PAH i.e. 84.92 μg g^-1 was recorded at a site adjacent to a petrochemical refinery. Among the sixteen individual PAHs, chrysene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene were most prevalent in the sediments. The relatively low kinetic/thermodynamic isomer ratios for PAHs suggest that PAHs of pyrogenic origin are predominant in Singapore's coastal environment. The distribution of higher molecular weight i.e. (4–5 ring) individual PAHs corresponded to mixture profiles typical of those originating from high temperature combustion processes subjected to photolytic degradation during long-range atmospheric transportation. A comparison of total PAH concentration data for sediments collected from Singapore relative to those reported for other countries indicates a moderate level of PAH contamination in Singapore's coastal marine sediments.  相似文献   

Bran Characteristics and Bread‐Baking Quality of Whole Grain Wheat Flour     

Liming Cai  Induck Choi  Choon‐Ki Lee  Kwang‐Keun Park  Byung‐Kee Baik 《Cereal Chemistry》2014,91(4):398-405

Variations in physical and compositional bran characteristics among different sources and classes of wheat and their association with bread‐baking quality of whole grain wheat flour (WWF) were investigated with bran obtained from Quadrumat milling of 12 U.S. wheat varieties and Bühler milling of six Korean wheat varieties. Bran was characterized for composition including protein, fat, ash, dietary fiber, phenolics, and phytate. U.S. soft and club wheat brans were lower in insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and phytate content (40.7–44.7% and 10.3–17.1 mg of phytate/g of bran, respectively) compared with U.S. hard wheat bran (46.0–51.3% and 16.5–22.2 mg of phytate/g of bran, respectively). Bran of various wheat varieties was blended with a hard red spring wheat flour at a ratio of 1:4 to prepare WWFs for determination of dough properties and bread‐baking quality. WWFs with U.S. hard wheat bran generally exhibited higher dough water absorption and longer dough mixing time, and they produced smaller loaf volume of bread than WWFs of U.S. soft and club wheat bran. WWFs of two U.S. hard wheat varieties (ID3735 and Scarlet) produced much smaller loaves of bread (<573 mL) than those of other U.S. hard wheat varieties (>625 mL). IDF content, phytate content, and water retention capacity of bran exhibited significant relationships with loaf volume of WWF bread, whereas no relationship was observed between protein content of bran and loaf volume of bread. It appears that U.S. soft and club wheat bran, probably owing to relatively low IDF and phytate contents, has smaller negative effects on mixing properties of WWF dough and loaf volume of bread than U.S. hard wheat bran.  相似文献   

An evaluation of the metaphylactic effect of ceftiofur crystalline free Acid in feedlot calves     

Booker CW  Schunicht OC  Guichon PT  Jim GK  Wildman BK  Pittman TJ  Perrett T 《Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine》2006,7(3):257-274

The relative effect of metaphylactic ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA) versus metaphylactic tilmicosin was evaluated in beef calves under commercial feedlot conditions in Nebraska. At feedlot arrival, 11,605 animals at ultrahigh risk of developing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) were allocated to one of three experimental groups: CCFA-3 (6.6 mg/kg SC), CCFA-7 (6.6 mg/kg), or TILM-3 (tilmicosin, 10 mg/kg SC). Animals were eligible for subsequent BRD treatment 3 (CCFA-3 and TILM-3 groups) or 7 (CCFA-7 group) days later. Compared with the TILM-3 group, overall chronicity, overall mortality, BRD mortality, and metabolic mortality rates were significantly (P < .05) lower in the CCFA-3 and CCFA-7 groups; average daily gain was significantly (P < .05) higher in the CCFA-3 group; the proportion of quality grade No Roll carcasses was significantly (P < .05) lower in the CCFA-3 and CCFA-7 groups; and there were per-animal advantages of 22.05 dollars and 18.98 dollars in the CCFA-3 and CCFA-7 groups, respectively. In beef calves at ultrahigh risk of developing BRD, it is more cost effective to administer metaphylactic CCFA than tilmicosin at feedlot arrival.  相似文献   

Anticancer Potential of Syzygium Species: a Review     

Chua  Lee Kee  Lim  Chooi Ling  Ling  Anna Pick Kiong  Chye  Soi Moi  Koh  Rhun Yian 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2019,74(1):18-27

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Cancer is a preventable and treatable disease, however, the incidence rates are on the rise. Classical treatment modalities for cancer include surgery,...  相似文献   

The effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections on health and performance of feedlot cattle     

Booker CW  Abutarbush SM  Morley PS  Guichon PT  Wildman BK  Jim GK  Schunicht OC  Pittman TJ  Perrett T  Ellis JA  Appleyard G  Haines DM 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2008,49(3):253-260

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections (unapparent acute infections and persistent infections) on the overall health and performance of feedlot cattle. Calves from 25 pens (7132 calves) were enrolled in the study. Overall and infectious disease mortality rates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in pens categorized at arrival as positive for type I BVDV and lower in pens that were positive for type II BVDV than in negative pens. Mortality attributed to BVDV infection or enteritis was significantly more common (P < 0.05) in the pens containing persistently infected (PI) calves than in pens not containing PI calves (non-PI pens). There were no statistically detectable (P > or = 0.05) differences in morbidity, overall mortality, average daily gain, or the dry matter intake to gain ratio between PI and non-PI pens. Although type-I BVDV infections in feedlots appear to contribute to higher mortality rates, the presence of PI calves alone does not appear to have a strong impact on pen-level animal health and feedlot performance.  相似文献   

Inhibitory Effects of Copper on Nitrifying Bacteria in Suspended and Attached Growth Reactors     

Yong-Woo Lee  Qing Tian  Say Kee Ong  Chikashi Sato  Jinwook Chung 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2009,203(1-4):17-27

Municipal wastewaters with industrial discharges typically contain heavy metals which may inhibit the biological processes in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, copper inhibition on strict nitrifiers in a suspended growth (SG) reactor and a combined attached and suspended growth (A&SG) reactor was compared. Both reactors were subjected to a continuous copper input of 5 mg/L. When the accumulated total copper concentration in the reactor were approximately 25 mg/L (due to sorption to the biomass), a sharp decrease in nitrification (increase in inhibition) were observed in the SG reactor while nitrification remained the same for the A&SG reactor indicating that attached growth systems were more robust against copper toxicity than suspended growth systems. Using MINTEQA2, the concentrations of various chemical species were estimated and, of the different species present, adsorbed copper in the biomass and aqueous Cu(NH₃)₄ ⁺² were found to positively correlate with percent inhibition of nitrification. Based on the changes in the concentrations of the two species, Cu(NH₃)₄ ⁺² was probably the main chemical species responsible for inhibition of nitrification. This study has implications for wastewater treatment plants treating wastewaters with high ammonia and copper present.  相似文献