Photostabilization of quinalphos by crystal violet on the surface of kaolinite and palygorskite     

Kaushik Banerjee  Prem Dureja 《Pest management science》1995,43(4):333-337

Photochemical stability of the insecticide, quinalphos (O,O-diethyl O-quinoxalin-2-yl phosphorothioate), adsorbed on kaolinite and palygorskite was studied. In all cases considerable photostabilization was achieved in comparison with the sample of pesticide in its free form. Improvement of photostabilization was achieved when a cationic dye (crystal violet) was co-adsorbed with the quinalphos. The interactions between quinalphos and clays were studied by Fouriertransform infra-red spectroscopy. It is suggested that photostabilization is due to steric hindrance imposed by the clay surface to the isomerization step of photochemical reaction and pacification of clay surface by crystal violet.  相似文献   

Need for research in companion animal vaccinology          下载免费PDF全文

Kaushik A  Mallard B  Shewen P  Wilkie B 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1999,40(6):381-382

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Environmental effects on feed utilization     

Sadasivam J. Kaushik 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1986,2(1-4):131-140

Both external and internal factors affect the response of fish to variations in dietary quantity and quality. An attempt is made to review major, recent studies on the series of intermediate steps (intake, digestion, metabolism, excretion and retention) involved in the global response of fish to environmental changes. Among these external factors, greater attention is however devoted to those that are the most important natural effectors within the aquatic environment: temperature, ambient oxygen and salinity. The changes brought about by a change in temperature at different levels of nutrient utilization have been studied to a great extent in the recent past. As temperature affects in the first instance, the voluntary food intake, a discussion on current nutrient requirement data should preferably be dealt with in absolute terms. While critical levels of oxygen below which growth is hindered are sufficiently defined for many species, precise data on the direct effects of oxygen deficiency on nutrient utilization are still fragmentory. With regard to salinity, a distinction between stenohaline and euryhaline species and a knowledge of the physiological mechanisms corresponding to their life cycles are required before attempting comparative analyses. Within euryhaline species, best performances are noted at salinities isotonic to the internal medium. Despite accumulating evidence on the effects of cyclical phenomena, the chronobiological approach to fish culture remains practically unexplored.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary l-carnitine supplementation on growth and lipid metabolism in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J Dias  J Arzel  G Corraze  & J Kaushik 《Aquaculture Research》2001,32(S1):206-215

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Ascorbic acid status as affected by dietary treatment in the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt): tissue concentration,mobilisation and L-gulonolactone oxidase activity     

Régis Moreau  Sadasivam J. Kaushik  Konrad Dabrowski 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1996,15(5):431-438

A study was conducted to evaluate tissue storage and mobilisation of L-ascorbic acid (AA) in the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) fed three different experimental diets. The three treatments consisted of a diet devoid of vitamin C (diet A0) and two diets supplemented with equivalent of 300 mg AA kg^–1 in the form of either silicone-coated ascorbic acid (diet SC) or of ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (diet AP). During the first phase (4 months) of the trial, six batches of 130 Siberian sturgeon (initial body weight: 25.5±0.5 g) each were fed one of the three diets in duplicate. During the second phase (3 months), fish from groups SC and AP were switched to diet A0 and those fed diet A0 during the first phase were switched to diet SC. Irrespective of the dietary treatment, growth rates were not significantly different from each other. At the end of phase I, in all tissues studied, total ascorbic acid (TAA) concentrations were higher in Siberian sturgeon fed diet AP than in the other two groups. During phase II, tissue ascorbate depletion was also higher in the AP group than in the other two groups. Transfer of the AA-free diet fed group onto a diet supplemented with 300 mg AA kg^–1 (diet SC) led to a slight increase in the TAA concentrations in all tissues. Blood plasma tyrosine concentrations were not significantly different between the three groups. Whole-body collagen levels were affected by dietary AA levels or forms at the end of phase I; the differences were not significant at the end of phase II. Muscle collagen levels were slightly affected. L-Gulonolactone oxidase activity was found in the kidney of Siberian sturgeon, but not in the liver. The ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate appears to be either better utilised by Siberian sturgeon, like in many other teleosts, or more stable than the silicone-coated AA during food processing and storage. Presence of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity in Siberian sturgeon kidney combined with the absence of gross scorbutic signs in AA-free diet fed groups expressing very good growth rates suggested no need of dietary AA byA. baeri.  相似文献   

Genetic analysis of a CSR10 (indica) × Taraori Basmati F3 population segregating for salt tolerance using ISSR markers     

Amit Kaushik  Navinder Saini  Sunita Jain  Poonam Rana  R.K. Singh  Rajinder K. Jain 《Euphytica》2003,134(2):231-238

Segregation for salinity tolerance and ISSR markers based molecular polymorphism were investigated in a F₃ plant population raised via single-seed descent method from a cross between salt-tolerant indica rice variety CSR10 and salt-susceptible premium traditional Basmati rice variety Taraori Basmati HBC19. A total of 130 F₃plants were evaluated individually for salinity tolerance on 1–9 scale on the basis of seedling growth parameters; the average score ranged between 1.7 to 8.3. Frequency distribution curve obtained using the salinity tolerance data of F₃ population and a chi-square analysis, showed a good fit to a normal distribution. Eleven plants each in the category of salt-tolerant and salt-susceptible were selected from the segregating F₃ population for ISSR marker analysis. A total of 149 bands (4–11 bands per primer) ranging from 200 to 3530 bp were scored for the two rice varieties and the selected CSR10 × HBC19 segregating F₃ plants using 26 ISSR primers. Of these, 89 were monomorphic and 60 were polymorphic. Of the 60 polymorphic bands,36 and 20 bands were specific to CSR10 andHBC19 respectively. The remaining four bands were amplified using UBC primers 810,848, 853 and 886 and present in only some of the CSR10 × HBC19 F₃ plants. Notably, ISSR primers with dinucleotide repeat motif and 5'-anchored end amplified more number of bands (7.0 bands/primer) compared to3'-anchored dinucleotide primers (5.4bands/primer), but 3'-anchored dinucleotide primers revealed higher level of polymorphism (2.6 polymorphic bands/primer) compared to 5'-anchoreddinucleotide primers (1.43 polymorphic bands/ primer). While distribution of majority of the polymorphic bands were more or less in the expected ratios in salt-tolerant and/or salt-sensitive F₃segregating plants, but some of the bands amplified using UBC ISSR primers 823, 825,826, 849, 853, 864, 866 and 884 showed highly skewed distribution. Such polymorphic bands stand greater chances of having a linkage with the genes/ QTLs for salinity tolerance and shall be the target for further studies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Organochlorine insecticide residues in the rain water in Delhi,India     

H. C. Agarwal  C. P. Kaushik  M. K. K. Pillai 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,32(3-4):293-302

Rain water samples were regularly collected from three sites, namely, Netaji Nagar, Moti Nagar and Town Hall within the Delhi city area from July, 1980 to June, 1982. The pesticide residues were adsorbed on polyurethane foam coated with 0.5 % DC-200 and subsequently extracted and analyzed for DDT, HCH and their metabolites/isomers. The concentration of total DDT ranged from 0.22 to 108 μg L^?1 with a mean value of 12.5 μg L^?1. The samples of rain water contained varying levels of 4,4-DDT, 2,4-DDT, 4,4-DDE, and 4,4-DDD. The 4,4-DDT, 4,4-DDE and 2,4-DDT were the main components of total DDT. The range of HCH residues in rain water was from 0.08 to 43 μg L^?1 with a mean of 5.3 μg L^?1. The residues of HCH consisted mainly of α- and γ-isomers with traces of β and δ-isomers. The α- and γ-isomers accounted for 76 and 24% of total HCH, respectively. The concentrations of DDT and HCH in rain water were generally less than 10 μg L^?1 and exceeded 10 in only 4 and 3 cases, respectively. The residues of these insecticides were generally higher during October to December. Residues of DDT were higher at Moti Nagar which is near a DDT factory. Residues of HCH were maximum at Town Hall, a commercial area of the city.  相似文献   

Molecular markers for late blight resistance breeding of potato: an update     

Jagesh K. Tiwari  Sundaresha Siddappa  Bir Pal Singh  Surinder K. Kaushik  Swarup K. Chakrabarti  Vinay Bhardwaj  Poonam Chandel 《Plant Breeding》2013,132(3):237-245

Late blight is the most devastating disease of the potato crop that can be effectively managed by growing resistant cultivars. Introgression of resistance (R) genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from the Solanum germplasm into common potato is one of the plausible approaches to breed resistant cultivars. Although the conventional method of breeding will continue to play a primary role in potato improvement, molecular marker technology is becoming one of its integral components. To achieve rapid success, from the past to recent years, several R genes/QTLs that originated from wild/cultivated Solanum species were mapped on the potato genome and a few genes were cloned using molecular approaches. As a result, molecular markers closely linked to resistance genes or QTLs offer a quicker potato breeding option through marker‐assisted selection (MAS). However, limited progress has been achieved so far through MAS in potato breeding. In near future, new resistance genes/QTLs are expected to be discovered from wild Solanum gene pools and linked molecular markers would be available for MAS. This article presents an update on the development of molecular markers linked to late blight resistance genes or QTLs by utilization of Solanum species for MAS in potato.  相似文献   

Porcine intestinal epithelial cell lines as a new in vitro model for studying adherence and pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli     

Koh SY  George S  Brözel V  Moxley R  Francis D  Kaushik RS 《Veterinary microbiology》2008,130(1-2):191-197

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections result in large economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. The organism causes diarrhea by adhering to and colonizing enterocytes in the small intestines. While much progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of ETEC, no homologous intestinal epithelial cultures suitable for studying porcine ETEC pathogenesis have been described prior to this report. In the current study, we investigated the adherence of various porcine ETEC strains to two porcine (IPEC-1 and IPEC-J2) and one human (INT-407) small intestinal epithelial cell lines. Each cell line was assessed for its ability to support the adherence of E. coli expressing fimbrial adhesins K88ab, K88ac, K88ad, K99, F41, 987P, and F18. Wild-type ETEC expressing K88ab, K88ac, and K88ad efficiently bound to both IPEC-1 and IPEC-J2 cells. An ETEC strain expressing both K99 and F41 bound heavily to both porcine cell lines but an E. coli strain expressing only K99 bound very poorly to these cells. E. coli expressing F18 adhesin strongly bound to IPEC-1 cells but did not adhere to IPEC-J2 cells. The E. coli strains G58-1 and 711 which express no fimbrial adhesins and those that express 987P fimbriae failed to bind to either porcine cell line. Only strains B41 and K12:K99 bound in abundance to INT-407 cells. The binding of porcine ETEC to IPEC-J2, IPEC-1 and INT-407 with varying affinities, together with lack of binding of 987P ETEC and non-fimbriated E. coli strains, suggests strain-specific E. coli binding to these cell lines. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of porcine intestinal cell lines for studying ETEC pathogenesis.  相似文献   

The effects of prednisone and azathioprine on circulating immunoglobulin levels and lymphocyte subpopulations in normal dogs.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

N E Rinkardt  S A Kruth    A Kaushik 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1999,63(1):18-24

This study investigates serum immunoglobulin (SIg) levels and lymphocyte subpopulations in normal dogs in response to putative immunosuppressive doses of prednisone and/or azathioprine. The objectives were to quantify SIg levels and lymphocyte subpopulations, including Thy-1+, CD4+, CD8+ and B cells, in normal dogs both before and after the administration of prednisone and/or azathioprine at 2 mg/kg, PO, each. Eighteen beagles were divided into 3 groups of 6 dogs each. Blood samples for radial immunodiffusion assay of IgG, IgM and IgA, complete blood count (CBC)and flow cytometry were collected prior to the administration of any drugs and again after 14 d of azathioprine, prednisone or azathioprine and prednisone. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated using density centrifugation and were incubated with monoclonal antibodies reacting with CD4+, CD8+, Thy-1+ and membrane immunoglobulin. Lymphocyte subsets were quantified using flow cytometry. Azathioprine-treated dogs had no significant changes in SIg levels or lymphocyte subpopulations. Prednisone-treated dogs had significant (P < 0.05) decreases in all SIg levels, all lymphocyte subpopulations and erythrocyte numbers, and had an increase in neutrophil counts. Prednisone and azathioprine-treated dogs had significant (P < 0.05) decreases in serum IgG levels and Thy-1+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulations, with an increase in the CD4:CD8. These dogs also had a significant decrease in erythrocyte number and a significant increase in the monocyte count. These findings suggest that azathioprine and prednisone in combination or prednisone alone may be useful for the treatment of T cell-mediated diseases since decreased circulating T cell levels were demonstrated following treatment. The combination of drugs or azathioprine alone may not be appropriate for treatment of acute or autoantibody-mediated immune disease, because SIg levels were minimally affected by treatment.  相似文献