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1.
An iron-sulfur compound (Fe3S2) was synthesized at pressures greater than 14 gigapascals in the system Fe-FeS. The formation of Fe3S2 changed the melting relations from a simple binary eutectic system to a binary system with an intermediate compound that melted incongruently. The eutectic temperature in the system at 14 gigapascals was about 400°C lower than that extrapolated from Usselman's data, implying that previous thermal models of Fe-rich planetary cores could overestimate core temperature. If it is found in a meteorite, the Fe3S2 phase could also be used to infer the minimum size of a parent body. 相似文献
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The formation of alpha-dicarbonyl-containing substances and Amadori rearrangement products was studied in the glycine-catalyzed (Maillard reaction) and uncatalyzed thermal degradation of glucose, maltose, and maltotriose using o-phenylenediamine as trapping agent. Various degradation products, especially alpha-dicarbonyl compounds, are formed from carbohydrates with differing degrees of polymerization during nonenzymatic browning. The different Amadori rearrangement products, isomerization products, and alpha-dicarbonyls produced by the used carbohydrates were quantified throughout the observed reaction time, and the relevance of the different degradation pathways is discussed. In the Maillard reaction (MR) the amino-catalyzed rearrangement with subsequent elimination of water predominated, giving rise to hexosuloses with alpha-dicarbonyl structure, whereas under caramelization conditions more sugar fragments with an alpha-dicarbonyl moiety were formed. For the MR of oligosaccharides a mechanism is proposed in which 1,4-dideoxyosone is formed as the predominating alpha-dicarbonyl in the quasi-water-free thermolysis of di- and trisaccharides in the presence of glycine. 相似文献
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Crude vegetable oils are usually oxidatively more stable than the corresponding refined oils. Tocopherols, phospholipids (PL), phytosterols, and phenols are the most important natural antioxidants in crude oils. Processing of vegetable oils, moreover, could induce the formation of antioxidants. Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) crude seed oils were extracted with n-hexane and the oils were further fractionated into neutral lipids (NL), glycolipids (GL), and PL. Crude oils and their fractions were investigated for their radical scavenging activity (RSA) toward the stable galvinoxyl radical by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry and toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical by spectrophotometric method. Coriander seed oil and its fractions exhibited the strongest RSA compared to black cumin and niger seed oils. The data correlated well with the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, unsaponifiables, and PL, as well as the initial peroxide values of crude oils. In overall ranking, RSA of oil fractions showed similar patterns wherein the PL exhibited greater activity to scavenge both free radicals followed by GL and NL, respectively. The positive relationship observed between the RSA of crude oils and their color intensity suggests the Maillard reaction products may have contributed to the RSA of seed oils and their polar fractions. The results demonstrate the importance of minor components in crude seed oils on their oxidative stability, which will reflect on their food value and shelf life. As part of the effort to assess the potential of these seed oils, the information is also of importance in processing and utilizing the crude oils and their byproducts. 相似文献
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Daniel R 《国际沙棘研究与开发》2010,8(2):31-33
在沙棘果皮、种子、果渣中或果实处理过程中产生的液体中可能含有数量可观的珍贵天然抗氧化剂。人们对寻找可代替合成抗氧化剂的天然抗氧化剂的兴趣逐渐上升,大量的研究也因此产生。据记载,沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）果实是黄酮醇丰富的来源,黄酮醇由异鼠李素的糖苷,五羟黄酮,4,5,7三羟黄酮醇组成。同时,还发现其它天然抗氧化剂浓度也很高,如原花色素,抗坏血酸,生育酚和类胡萝卜素。果汁从浆果中提取,引流至剩余的滤饼, 相似文献
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FS Hanschen N Brüggemann A Brodehl I Mewis M Schreiner S Rohn LW Kroh 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(31):7735-7745
Glucosinolates, present in Brassica vegetables, are thought to contribute to human health prevention because of their enzymatically induced breakdown products, primarily isothiocyanates (ITCs). ITCs are reactive substances that readily react with nucleophilic (food) compounds. The reactivity of allyl-ITC and 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl-ITC (sulforaphane) toward thiol and amino groups of cysteine and lysine derivatives was studied in buffered model systems as well as broccoli sprouts. The thiol group is the preferred reaction site, and it was demonstrated that even endogenously released sulforaphane is able to react very fast with cysteine in broccoli sprouts. Amino groups reacted slower and only under basic conditions. However, great differences in the reactivity between the different amino compounds were revealed. The aliphatic allylamine reacted very fast with allyl-ITC, forming N,N'-diallylthiourea, a compound identified as a main thermal degradation product of allyl-ITC. 相似文献
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Jaehrig SC Rohn S Kroh LW Fleischer LG Kurz T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(12):4710-4716
(1-->3),(1-->6)-Beta-D-Glucan, a cell wall polysaccharide in many microorganisms, fungi and algae, is a well-known biological response modifier. Recently, it was found that (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae also exhibits antioxidative capabilities. In this study the antioxidative activity of the cell wall fractions of brewer's yeast was investigated. Particular emphasis was put on the question to which extent glucan is responsible for the antioxidative activity of the cell walls and how the other cell wall components might contribute. For the experiments yeast cell walls from brewery fermentations were used. Glucan was isolated by a three-step extraction procedure including a combination of hot water and enzymatic treatment. The level of (1-->3),(1-->6)-beta-D-glucan in the cell walls was analyzed enzymatically. The antioxidant activity was determined by electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. The results show that the antioxidative activity of yeast cell wall proteins exceeds that of beta-glucan greatly. Especially aromatic side chains and free thiols from denatured proteins seem to work as antioxidants. 相似文献
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Antioxidant oligomeric proanthocyanidins from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) Pomace 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Rösch D Mügge C Fogliano V Kroh LW 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(22):6712-6718
After flavonol glycosides, monomeric flavan-3-ols, and dimeric and trimeric proanthocyanidins were fractionated from an extract of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) pomace by Sephadex LH-20 gel chromatography, oligomeric proanthocyanidins were eluted. The oligomeric fraction accounted for 84% of the total proanthocyanidins and 75% of the total antioxidant activity of the sea buckthorn pomace extract. To elucidate the structure of the oligomeric fraction, it was depolymerized by acid catalysis in the presence of phloroglucinol. The structure of the resulting flavan-3-ol monomers and flavan-3-ol-phloroglucinol adducts was determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography investigations demonstrated (+)-gallocatechin as the predominating subunit in the oligomeric fraction. This observation was confirmed by ESI-MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that the majority of the flavan-3-ol subunits possessed a 2,3-trans configuration. The oligomers consisted mainly of prodelphinidin subunits whereas procyanidins were present in smaller amounts, indicating a very uncommon composition of the sea buckthorn proanthocyanidins. The mean degree of polymerization of the oligomeric proanthocyanidins was between 6 and 9. 相似文献
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Structure-antioxidant efficiency relationships of phenolic compounds and their contribution to the antioxidant activity of sea buckthorn juice 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Rösch D Bergmann M Knorr D Kroh LW 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(15):4233-4239
The phenolic composition of juice derived from fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array and electrochemical detection. Flavonols were found to be the predominating polyphenols while phenolic acids and catechins represent minor components. Of the seven flavonols identified, isorhamnetin 3-O-glycosides were the most important representatives quantitatively. However, because of their structural properties, they were poor radical scavengers as shown by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Phenolic compounds such as quercetin 3-O-glycosides, catechins, and hydroxybenzoic acids with a catechol structure exhibited good antioxidant capacities, but their concentration in sea buckthorn juice was small. These phenolic compounds, determined by HPLC, accounted for less than 5% of the total antioxidant activity of the filtered juice. Ascorbic acid was shown to be the major antioxidant in sea buckthorn juice. Because of its high concentration of 1.22 g/L, it contributes approximately 75% to total antioxidant activity. The remaining difference can be attributed to higher molecular weight flavan-3-ols (proanthocyanidins), which were determined photometrically after acid depolymerization to colored anthocyanidins. 相似文献
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Perner H Rohn S Driemel G Batt N Schwarz D Kroh LW George E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(10):3538-3545
The aim of the present study was to test whether variations in the root environment affect the content of health-related organosulfur compounds, total phenolic compounds, and flavonol glycoside concentrations in onions. For this purpose, greenhouse-grown onions ( Allium cepa L.) were either inoculated with a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum or a sterile inoculum and were provided with two NH(4)(+):NO(3)(-) ratios as a nitrogen source. Onion growth, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rate, sugars, and nutrient element concentrations were also quantified. The plant antioxidant activity and quercetin monoglucoside and organosulfur compound concentrations increased with dominant nitrate supply. Furthermore, mycorrhizal colonization increased the antioxidant activity and also concentrations of the major quercetin glucosides. The present study provides clear evidence that antioxidant activity, quercetin glycosides, and organosulfur compounds can be increased in sufficiently supplied onion plants by dominant nitrate supply or application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This was probably due to increased precursor production and induced defense mechanisms. 相似文献