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Magona JW Mayende JS Okiria R Okuna NM 《The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research》2004,71(3):231-237
The protective efficacy of isometamidium chloride (ISMM) and diminazene aceturate (DIM) against Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax infections in cattle under a suppressed tsetse population was assessed in southeast Uganda. A total of 66 and 57 trypanosome-infected cattle were treated with ISMM and DIM, respectively together with 177 trypanosome-free animals not treated were followed for 12 months, checked every 4 weeks. There was no statistical difference in the mean time to infection with any trypanosome species in animals treated with ISMM or DIM. However, the mean time to trypanosome infection was significantly longer for treated animals than controls. The mean time to infection with each of the three trypanosome species differed significantly, with the average time to T. vivax infection the lowest, followed by T. congolense and then T. brucei. The protective efficacy of DIM was as good as that of ISMM; implying curative treatments against trypanosomosis are sufficient for combination with tsetse control. Isometamidium chloride or DIM had the highest impact on T. brucei and T. congolense infections in cattle. 相似文献
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Two FAO/IAEA indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), which use microplates precoated with denatured crude Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma vivax antigen for detecting anti-trypanosomal antibodies in bovine sera, were evaluated for their sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values, using 320 Ugandan field samples (known negative sera, n = 80; known positive sera, n = 80; cattle herds where control of tsetse and trypanosomosis was practised, n = 80; and cattle herds where there was no such control, n = 80). Cut-off points of 30% and 25% positivity were determined for the T. congolense and T. vivax assays, respectively, using a modified ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis. The T. congolense assay had estimated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 63.7% and 57.5%, respectively, while the T. vivax assay had estimated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 81.3% and 81.3%, respectively. The two assays conducted in parallel had estimated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 82.5% and 88.7%, respectively. Using the sera from the cattle in the area with control (detected prevalence of trypanosomosis 0%), both the T. congolense and T. vivax assays had negative and positive predictive values of 100% and 0%, respectively. Using the sera from the cattle in the area without control (detected prevalence of trypanosomosis 15%), the T. congolense assay had negative and positive predictive values of 91% and 33%, respectively, and the T. vivax assay had negative and positive predictive values of 93% and 27%, respectively. The T. congolense assay was in fair agreement with the buffy coat technique (BCT) ( = 0.25), while the T. vivax assay was in substantial agreement with the BCT ( = 0.625), and both assays conducted in parallel were in substantial agreement with the BCT ( = 0.708). Both assays were found to be proficient and suitable for the diagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis, especially when used in parallel. 相似文献
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This study was conducted in Masaba and Masafu Sub-counties, Busia District, Uganda to assess the effect on the tsetse fly population of first treating all cattle with 1% w/v deltamethrin pour-on for a few months, followed by treating 10% of the cattle population. Treatment of all cattle for 6 months resulted in a significant reduction in the density of tsetse flies from 6.3 to 0.1 flies/trap/day (FTD), a 98.4% reduction. During the same period, the point prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis dropped from 37.7% to 2.9% (a 92.3% reduction). Treatment was resumed six months later, but this time only 10% of the cattle population received the pour-on treatment at three week intervals for a period of one year. This treatment maintained the tsetse fly density between 0 and 0.5 FTD and the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis generally remained below 10%. In conclusion, under the local prevailing conditions, treatment of all communally grazed cattle with deltamethrin pour-on effectively suppressed the Glossina fuscipes fuscipes population. However, subsequent treatment of 10% of the cattle probably failed to control the tsetse fly population at a level sufficient to reduce trypanosomosis to acceptable levels. 相似文献
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Lungisa Mayende 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(9):2963-2966
In composting, organic matter is degraded by cellulases and ligninolytic enzymes at temperatures typically above 50 °C. This study isolated thermophilic microorganisms from a compost system that were then screened for cellulase and polyphenol oxidase activity. Temperature optima for the cellulases and polyphenol oxidases were determined as 70 and 40 °C, respectively. Maximal cellulase activity was determined as 1.333 mg glucose released ml−1 min−1. Maximal polyphenol oxidase activity attained was 5.111 nmol phenol ml−1 min−1. Cellulases were found to be stable over a period of 1 h. The isolated compost microorganisms were identified as strains of Bacillus using 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. 相似文献
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Magona JW Mayende JS Olaho-Mukani W Coleman PG Jonsson NN Welburn SC Eisler MC 《The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research》2003,70(3):213-218
The clinical, parasitological and molecular diagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis were compared using samples from 250 zebu cattle exposed to natural trypanosome challenge in Uganda. Clinical examination, molecular and parasitological diagnoses detected 184 (73.6%), 96 (38.4%) and 36 (14.4%) as diseased, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of clinical examination were 87.5% and 35%, and 78 % and 27 % based on molecular and parasitological diagnoses, as gold standards, respectively. Of the 33, 3, 13 and 12 parasitological-positive cattle that had Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax or mixed infections, 78 %, 33 %, 84 % and 100 % respectively manifested clinical signs. Of the 24, 89, 12, 3, 6 and 27 cattle detected by molecular diagnosis to have mixed infections, T. brucei, T. vivax, T. congolense forest-, Savannah- and Tsavo-type, 100%, 83%, 91%, 100%, 67% and 81 % had clinical signs, respectively. In conclusion, treatment of cattle based on clinical examination may clear up to 87.5 % or 78 % of the cases that would be positive by either molecular or parasitological diagnosis, respectively. Under field conditions, in the absence of simple and portable diagnostic tools or access to laboratory facilities, veterinarians could rely on clinical diagnosis to screen and treat cases of bovine trypanosomosis presented by farmers before confirmatory diagnosis in diagnostic centres for few unclear cases is sought. 相似文献
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An epidemiological investigation was conducted on farms in Tororo and Soroti districts of Uganda from January to February 2000 to determine the cause of reported persistent mortality of cattle. Blood and faecal material of 98 cattle comprising of 33 Friesians, 58 Zebu and 7 Sahiwal were examined. Results revealed that seven (7.1 %) cattle had trypanosome infection, mainly due to Trypanosoma vivax and T. brucei, 17 (17.3%) Fasciola infection, 28 (28.6%) gastrointestinal nematode infection, 33 (33.7%) Theileria sp. infection and 13 (13.3%) Anaplasma marginale infection. Mixed infections were detected in 30%, 20.6% and 43 % of the Friesian, Zebu and Sahiwal cattle respectively. Anaemia (PCV < 25) was detected in 24%, 19% and 14% of the Friesian, Zebu and Sahiwal cattle respectively. Persistent mortality of cattle on these farms could have been due to either single or mixed parasitic infections probably exacerbated by malnutrition. 相似文献
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Tropical Animal Health and Production - 相似文献
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