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Ard G. Lengkeek Alice Muchugi Mwangi Caroline A. C. Agufa Joseph O. Ahenda Ian K. Dawson 《Agroforestry Systems》2006,67(3):293-300
It is possible that current tree domestication practices undertaken by farmers reduce the genetic base of tree resources on
farms, raising concerns regarding the productivity, sustainability and conservation value of agroforestry ecosystems. Here,
we assessed possible changes in genetic variation during domestication in the important and heavily utilised timber species,
Vitex fischeri Gürke (syn. Vitex keniensis), by comparing geographically proximate forest and farm material in central Kenya. Employing RAPD analysis, a total of 104
polymorphic markers revealed by five arbitrary primers were scored in a total of 65 individuals, 32 from forest and 33 from
farmland. Despite concerns of possible genetic erosion, forest and farm stands did not differ significantly in levels of genetic
variation, with H values of 0.278 and 0.269, respectively. However, Mantel tests did reveal greater geographically related associative genetic
structure among individuals in farm rather than forest material, with r
M values of 0.217 and 0.114, respectively. A more detailed analysis of structure suggested this could be due to local variation
in origin of some on-farm trees. Implications of data for the genetic management of V. fischeri stands during farmer-led tree domestication activities are discussed. At present, there appears little reason to reject on-farm
V. fischeri as a source of germplasm for future on-farm planting or for conservation purposes, although this situation may change and
will require monitoring. 相似文献
3.
Nick A Ciccone William Mwangi Alexey Ruzov Lorraine P Smith Colin Butter Venugopal Nair 《Veterinary research》2014,45(1)
The mechanisms by which viruses modulate the immune system include changes in host genomic methylation. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is the catalytic product of the Tet (Ten-11 translocation) family of enzymes and may serve as an intermediate of DNA demethylation. Recent reports suggest that 5hmC may confer consequences on cellular events including the pathogenesis of disease; in order to explore this possibility further we investigated both 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5hmC levels in healthy and diseased chicken bursas of Fabricius. We discovered that embryonic B-cells have high 5mC content while 5hmC decreases during bursa development. We propose that a high 5mC level protects from the mutagenic activity of the B-cell antibody diversifying enzyme activation induced deaminase (AID). In support of this view, AID mRNA increases significantly within the developing bursa from embryonic to post hatch stages while mRNAs that encode Tet family members 1 and 2 reduce over the same period. Moreover, our data revealed that infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) disrupts this genomic methylation pattern causing a global increase in 5hmC levels in a mechanism that may involve increased Tet 1 and 2 mRNAs. To our knowledge this is the first time that a viral infection has been observed to cause global increases in genomic 5hmC within infected host tissues, underlining a mechanism that may involve the induction of B-cell genomic instability and cell death to facilitate viral egress. 相似文献
4.
R J Tatchell D Chimwani S J Chirchir J O Ong'are E Mwangi F Rinkanya D Whittington 《The Veterinary record》1986,119(16):401-403
Sixty male weaner cattle at the National Range Research Station, Kiboko, Kenya were placed in four groups of 15 animals under four different tick control regimens for 16 months. The treatment groups were: spraying with acaricide weekly, spraying every three weeks, spraying whenever group mean tick infestations reached more than 200 per animal (once only in the course of the study) and a control unsprayed group. The cattle were weighed monthly. There were no significant differences between the liveweight gains of the groups during a period of severe drought and during the following period of compensatory weight gain. The untreated group gained more weight than the other groups. Cattle died in all groups, but without significant differences between the groups; the long drought and associated malnutrition were the prime cause of death. Rhipicephalus pravus and R pulchellus were the dominant tick species with fewer Amblyomma gemma, Hyalomma truncatum and small numbers of Boophilus decoloratus and R evertsi. These ticks transmit anaplasmosis, babesiosis and cowdriosis in the study area. Total tick counts reached 750 on individual animals but group means rarely reached more than 200 because of high resistance to ticks in some animals. Host resistance ranking within groups was virtually constant throughout the experiment. The study showed that intensive tick control is not required in the semi-arid areas of Africa. 相似文献
5.
Risk factors associated with occurrence of nematodes in free range pigs in Busia District,Kenya 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Kagira JM Kanyari PN Githigia SM Maingi N Ng'ang'a JC Gachohi JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(3):657-664
Nematode infections are a serious constraint to pig production, especially where free range pig keeping is practiced. This
study investigated the epidemiology of nematodes in free range pigs in Busia District, Kenya. Three hundred and six pigs from
135 farms were sampled for faeces that were analysed for nematode eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces using the McMaster technique.
The nematode eggs were also identified to genus and species based on morphology. A questionnaire on risk factors was also
administered to the pig owners. The overall prevalence and mean nematode EPG were 84.2% and 2,355, respectively. The nematode
eggs were identified as those belonging to Oesophagostomum spp. (75%), Strongyloides ransomi (37%), Ascaris suum (18%), Metastrongylus spp. (11%), Trichuris suis (7%) and Physocephalus sexalatus (3%). The prevalence of nematodes was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the amount of rainfall in the division of the pigs' origin (all nematodes except S. ransomi). The prevalence of nematodes was also associated with the age of the pigs. A lower burden of nematodes was associated (p < 0.05) with a history of deworming (A. suum) and the provision of night housing (S. ransomi and Metastrongylus spp.). In conclusion, this study has provided information on nematode infections and the associated risk factors for free
range pigs in Busia District, which can be used when implementing integrated control measures. 相似文献
6.
Bastos RG Johnson WC Mwangi W Brown WC Goff WL 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2008,124(3-4):302-312
Early interactions of innate immune cell populations, such as dendritic cells (DC) and natural killer (NK) cells, can affect the ability of the acquired immune response to control infection of intracellular microorganisms. In this study, we investigated the activation of bovine NK cells by CD13(+) splenic DC stimulated with either Mycobacterium bovis BCG or Babesia bovis merozoites. Splenic DC were used either immediately after selection (cytokine(-)) or after exposure to GM-CSF, IL-4 and Flt3L for 72 h (cytokine(+)). Phenotypic analyses showed up-regulation of MHCII, CD80 and CD86 on cytokine(+) DC when compared to cytokine(-) DC. Purified NK cells (CD335(+)CD3(-)CD2(+/-)CD8alpha(+/-)) were co-cultured with microbial-exposed cytokine(-) DC or cytokine(+) DC in either transwell or cell-to-cell format and NK cell IFN-gamma production and cytotoxicity were assessed. NK cell IFN-gamma production was dependent on cell-to-cell contact. Microbial-stimulated cytokine(+) DC induced significantly more IFN-gamma production from NK cells than cytokine(-) cells. In contrast, cytotoxicity and perforin up-regulation were more pronounced in NK cells cultured with cytokine(-) DC than cytokine(+) DC. Therefore, activation of bovine NK cells by microbial-stimulated CD13(+) splenic DC is influenced by the maturation state of the DC suggesting different roles for the splenic DC during disease-induced maturation. 相似文献
7.
Akoolo L Pellé R Saya R Awino E Nyanjui J Taracha EL Kanyari P Mwangi DM Graham SP 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2008,121(3-4):216-221
East Coast fever (ECF) is a highly fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle caused by Theileria parva, a tick-borne intracellular apicomplexan parasite. Parasite antigens that are targets of protective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are required to formulate a sub-unit vaccine against ECF. A number of CTL target antigens have recently been identified and initial evaluation has shown their vaccine potential. This study aimed to evaluate whether these antigens were recognised by CTL obtained from six genetically diverse Zebu cattle immunized with a cocktail of T. parva stocks. T. parva Muguga specific polyclonal CD8(+) CTL lines were generated and confirmed to specifically lyse autologous infected cells. CTL recognition of autologous skin fibroblasts (iSF) transduced with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara strain (MVA) expressing previously identified T. parva Muguga vaccine candidate antigens was evaluated using an IFN-gamma ELISpot assay. CTL lines from one of the four calves, BY120, responded specifically to cells infected with MVA expressing the antigen Tp2 and synthetic peptides were employed to map a new CTL epitope on this antigen. Immunoscreening of the T. parva genome with these CTL lines should identify novel antigens that will constitute valuable additions to the vaccine candidates currently being evaluated. 相似文献
8.
G R Muraguri P K Gitau M N Mwangi S K Mbogo D P Kariuki 《The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research》1999,66(2):119-122
Appraisal of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and antigen enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serological tests as carried out to detect cattle exposed to Theileria parva at the National Veterinary Research Centre, Muguga (NVRC), Kenya is reported. Using sera from T. parva naive cattle and cattle experimentally exposed to T. parva, the two tests were appraised in terms of their sensitivity and specificity. IFAT and ELISA had the same sensitivity of 90% while ELISA had a higher specificity (90%) than IFAT (80%). A comparison was also made of the capability of the two tests to detect exposure of dairy cattle to T. parva prior to immunization against East Coast fever (ECF). The positive outcome from the IFAT was significantly higher (chi 2 = 30.36; P < 0.001) than that from the ELISA. The agreement between the two tests was low (Kappa = 0.21). The two tests indicated a higher risk of ECF in the study area than was expected. Indications are that the ELISA has been effectively adopted at NVRC. 相似文献
9.
Pascal P. Okwiri Ojwang’ Rob Melis Josephine M. Songa Mwangi Githiri Charles Bett 《Euphytica》2009,170(3):383-393
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important legume crop in Kenya. It is cultivated across a wide range of agro-ecologies which include high
potential and marginal areas. Eastern Kenya alone, largely semi-arid, accounts for 35% of the country’s total bean production.
Bean farmers mainly small-scale have limited access to quality seed, chemical pesticides and fertilizer. Therefore, bean yield
under on-farm conditions still remains below 500 kg ha−1 while the potential is about 1,200 kg ha−1 under semi-arid conditions. To asses the farmers’ views on bean varieties and a key insect pest and associated constraints
contributing to yield loss, research was undertaken. The research included survey to quantify the yield loss and Participatory
Rural Appraisal to determine the level of adoption and criteria for variety choice in semi-arid eastern Kenya (SAEK). The
results show that farmers consider drought and insect pest problems as main causes for low yields. The adoption rate for improved
varieties is high but self sufficiency in beans stands at 23% in the dry transitional (DT) agro-ecology and at 18% in the
dry mid-altitude (DM) agro-ecology, respectively. This could be attributed to low adaptability since most of the improved
varieties grown were selected for high potential areas but now found in marginal areas. Drought, earliness, yield stability,
and insect pest resistance are the main reasons for choice of varieties by farmers. Bean fly (Ophiomyia sp.) was identified as one of the key crop pests of beans limiting yield. Besides, African bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and bean aphid (Aphis fabae) were ranked higher. Due to limitations of the conventional breeding approach, a participatory plant breeding approach is
suggested so as to provide an opportunity to develop insect pest resistant varieties adapted to the SAEK region. 相似文献
10.
Mwangi DM Honda Y Graham SP Pelle R Taracha EL Gachanja J Nyanjui JK Bray J Palmer GH Brown WC Mwangi W 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,140(3-4):244-251
Theileria parva antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are prime vaccine candidates against East Coast fever in cattle. A strategy for enhancing induction of parasite-specific T cell responses by increasing recruitment and activation of dendritic cells (DCs) at the immunization site by administration of bovine Flt3L and GM-CSF prior to inoculation with DNA vaccine constructs and MVA boost was evaluated. Analysis of immune responses showed induction of significant T. parva-specific proliferation, and IFN-γ-secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in immunized cattle. However, antigen-specific CTLs were not detected. Following lethal challenge, 5/12 immunized cattle survived by day 21, whereas all the negative controls had to be euthanized due to severe disease, indicating a protective effect of the vaccine (p<0.05). The study demonstrated the potential of this technology to elicit significant MHC class II and class I restricted IFN-γ-secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to defined vaccine candidate antigens in a natural host, but also underscores the need to improve strategies for eliciting protective CTL responses. 相似文献