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1.
Anderson WA Amasino RM Ares M Banerjee U Bartel B Corces VG Drennan CL Elgin SC Epstein IR Fanning E Guillette LJ Handelsman J Hatfull GF Hoy RR Kelley D Leinwand LA Losick R Lu Y Lynn DG Neuhauser C O'Dowd DK Olivera T Pevzner P Richards-Kortum RR Rine J Sah RL Strobel SA Walker GC Walt DR Warner IM Wessler S Willard HF Zare RN 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6057):760-761
2.
The life cycle of Perionyx excavatus has been studied and the potential of this epigeic earthworm species for breaking down and processing organic wastes is well
known. Understanding of its optimal environmental requirements is required in order to optimize and accelerate the vermicomposting
process. The rates of growth and reproduction of P. excavatus, on a variety of organic wastes, were evaluated in these experiments. The time of maturation and the rates of growth of this
species, under various population density pressures and temperatures between 15 °C and 30 °C, were also assessed. Increasing
temperatures up to 30 °C accelerated the growth of earthworms and lessened the time to sexual maturity. However, the highest
rates of reproduction occurred at 25 °C both in cattle solids and sewage sludge. The mean time to egg hatching decreased
and the degree of hatching success increased with increasing temperature. Earthworms grew at similar rates in cattle solids,
pig solids and aerobically digested sewage sludge, but the earthworms did not grow well in horse solids and grew only poorly
in turkey wastes.
The maximum individual growth rates as a function of earthworm population and the maximum earthworm weights as a function
of time with a constant food supply at four different temperatures were assessed.
Received: 16 July 1997 相似文献
3.
David L. Kaplan Roy Hartenstein Edward F. Neuhauser Michael R. Malecki 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1980,12(4):347-352
Survival and/or growth were used to assess optimum and potentially deleterious physico-chemical conditions in the environment of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Maximum weight was gained between 20 and 29°C with horse manure or activated sludge as food. Maximum weight gain as a function of moisture in activated sludge occurred between 70 and 85%. All worms died within a week at pH values <5 or >9; optimum pH for gain in weight centered around 7.0 Soluble salts in excess of 0.5% were lethal, though ammonium acetate caused 100% mortality at a concentration of 0.1%; concentrations in manures contaminated by urine or cattle slurry may be lethal, while those present in noncontaminated manure, with an electrolytic conductivity of 1.5–3mmhos, support weight gain. Inorganic chemicals that are commonly used to coagulate sludges, often as a preliminary to land application, were innocuous at concentrations higher than those normally used at wastewater treatment plants. Anaerobically digested sludges are toxic to earthworms, and are characterized by low oxidation-reduction potentials; when placed upon a soil substrate the redox potential increases slowly, and though the sludge tested in this study was nontoxic at Eh values in excess of 250 mV, it provided insufficient nutriment to E. foetida to allow weight gain. With activated sludge as food, growth of E. foetida occurred more rapidly when soil was present, independently of whether it was placed as a substrate beneath the sludge or mixed into the sludge. Growth occurred more rapidly when activated sludge was placed on substrates which allowed drainage, though loam or ashed loam appeared superior to others, such as glass beads or sand; the growth promoting factor is related to the inorganic fraction of the soil. 相似文献
4.
Edward F. Neuhauser Roy Hart-Nstein William J. Connors 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1978,10(5):431-435
A range of 8–25% of fed cinnamic 2-[14C] acid and 9–14% of injected vanillin 5-[14C] were oxidised to 14CO2 at 15 C over 7 and 6 days respectively in an isopod, Oiuscus asellus; a millipede, Pseudopolydesmus serratus; a slug, Deroceras reticulatum; a snail, Oxychilus draparnaldi; and an earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Approximately 2–10% of nonmetabolised and 13–48%, of metabolised vanillin were present in the animal tissues after 6 days. Correspondingly. 1–4% and 22–66% of these materials were found in egesta.A millipede (Oxidus gracilis), O. asellus. D. reticuluttum. O. draparnaldi, and E. foetida were found unable to degrade ring [14C]-, methoxy [14C]- and side chain [14C]-lignin to 14CO2 over 10 days, thus providing very strong evidence that these invertebrates are incapable of degrading liginin. 相似文献
5.
Hawthorne MF Zink JI Skelton JM Bayer MJ Liu C Livshits E Baer R Neuhauser D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5665):1849-1851
Rotary motion around a molecular axis has been controlled by simple electron transfer processes and by photoexcitation. The basis of the motion is intramolecular rotation of a carborane cage ligand (7,8-dicarbollide) around a nickel axle. The Ni(III) metallacarborane structure is a transoid sandwich with two pairs of carbon vertices reflected through a center of symmetry, but that of the Ni(IV) species is cisoid. The interconversion of the two provides the basis for controlled, rotational, oscillatory motion. The energies of the Ni(III) and Ni(IV) species are calculated as a function of the rotation angle. 相似文献
6.
The rate of respiration of radioactive CO2 from fasting Oniscus asellus L. during 7.5 days was qualitatively similar for ring-labeled and carboxyl-labeled benzoic acid. The rate of respiration of ring-labeled benzoic acid during 7 days was quantitatively similar for isopods that were fed throughout, and had received 0.09 μg benzoic 1-14C acid with or without a “load” of 30 μg of unlabeled benzoic acid. The “loaded” animals displayed a qualitative difference in respiring greater quantities of CO2 at night vs day.At 15°C in July, 24.4 per cent of the radioactivity from an injected dose of benzoic l-14C acid was respired over a 7 day period; 1.3 per cent was excreted; 1.9 per cent was present as carbonates; 5.4 per cent was ether-extractable, of which 48 per cent was chromatographically accountable as benzoic acid; and 56.7 per cent of the label was retained in the body.Ring-labeled carbon from benzoic acid was incorporated into the tissues of the isopod. An analysis of a hydrolyzate from the soluble cellular fraction showed at least six identifiable amino acids and four unidentifiable components. 相似文献
7.
Woodbury Peter B. Rubin Gail McCune D. C. Weinstein Leonard H. Neuhauser Edward F. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1999,111(1-4):271-286
Improved methods are required to assess the risks posed by the uptake of potentially toxic elements such as selenium (Se), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) by vegetation on contaminated sites. In order to develop such methods and assess risk, vegetation was collected from two sites on a soil-capped coal fly ash landfill near Dunkirk, New York, during June of 1991 and June and August of 1992. The mean concentrations (μg g-1 dry weight) of Se and Mo in the shoots did not exceed, respectively, 0.12 and 18.7 in bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), 0.06 and 12.1 in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), 0.07 and 5.3 in timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and 0.09 and 2.2 in a mixture of grasses. These concentrations were greater than those in the same species harvested concurrently from a non-landfill site. The mean concentrations of B at the landfill ranged from 29 to 53 μg g-1 in the legumes and from 2 to 11 μg g-1 in the grasses, less than those at one non-landfill site but greater than those at another. Within the landfill, the concentration of Se in grasses was not correlated with the concentration of Se in soil and fly ash. The concentration of Se in grasses on both landfill sites was double that of grasses on the non-landfill site despite higher mean concentrations of Se in the upper soil (0–15 cm) on the non-landfill site. Therefore grass roots seem to be accessing Se from the ash by means of mass flow or other mechanisms. Based on our findings of significant variation in trace element uptake among species, harvests, and locations within sites, we recommend that contemporaneous transect sampling of at least two species be used to assess uptake of potentially toxic trace elements on landfills or other sites where contamination may occur. 相似文献
8.
9.
The influence of the growth rate on the water use efficiency by different cultivated plants in consideration of C3- and C4-species
The influence of the growth rate (dry matter production per unit of time) on the water use efficiency by different cultivated plants (maize, sunflower, durum wheat, sorghum, amaranthus) was examined using hydroponic culture. The water use efficiency was expressed by the relative water requirement (1 transpirated water per kg produced dry matter), at which the evaporation was absolutely eliminated. The results showed a definite conformity with the hypothesis, which was taken as the basis for these studies:
– The relative water requirement was not constant on the basis of the changing growth rate during the course of growth and development of the plants. With increasing growth rate decreased the relative water requirement. The effect of the increasing growth rate on the decrease of the relative water requirement was greater all the more, the more the growth rate increased.
– Plants of one and the same species and variety but with different growth rates had different relative water requirements. Those ones with a higher growth rate showed a lower relative water requirement.
An influence of the growth rate on the different relative water requirement of C3- and C4-species also was observed. Under better growth conditions for C3-plants than for C4-plants, the growth rate of C4-plants was slowed down, so the relative water requirement was higher than by C3-species.
Concluding from this research, there is the possibility to employ the growth rate of plants for a measure to use water more efficient in plant cultivation. 相似文献
The influence of the growth rate (dry matter production per unit of time) on the water use efficiency by different cultivated plants (maize, sunflower, durum wheat, sorghum, amaranthus) was examined using hydroponic culture. The water use efficiency was expressed by the relative water requirement (1 transpirated water per kg produced dry matter), at which the evaporation was absolutely eliminated. The results showed a definite conformity with the hypothesis, which was taken as the basis for these studies:
– The relative water requirement was not constant on the basis of the changing growth rate during the course of growth and development of the plants. With increasing growth rate decreased the relative water requirement. The effect of the increasing growth rate on the decrease of the relative water requirement was greater all the more, the more the growth rate increased.
– Plants of one and the same species and variety but with different growth rates had different relative water requirements. Those ones with a higher growth rate showed a lower relative water requirement.
An influence of the growth rate on the different relative water requirement of C3- and C4-species also was observed. Under better growth conditions for C3-plants than for C4-plants, the growth rate of C4-plants was slowed down, so the relative water requirement was higher than by C3-species.
Concluding from this research, there is the possibility to employ the growth rate of plants for a measure to use water more efficient in plant cultivation. 相似文献
10.
Neuhauser S Huber L Kirchmair M 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,130(4):503-510
In the past the root rot pathogen Roesleria subterranea (Ascomycota) was generally considered as a minor parasite, a view with which we were often confronted during field work in
German wine-growing regions where this ascomycete recently caused serious problems in established vineyards and at replant
sites. To irrevocably demonstrate that R. subterranea is not a minor, but a primary pathogen of grapevines (and fruit trees) a pest risk analysis was carried out according to
the guidelines defined by EPPO standard series PM 5, which defines the information needed, and contains standardised, detailed
key questions and a decision support scheme for risk analysis. Following the provided decision scheme, it becomes apparent
that R. subterranea must be considered as a serious, primary pathogen for grapevines and fruit trees that can cause massive economic losses.
Based on the literature, the pathogen seems to be ubiquitous in wine growing regions in cool climates of the northern hemisphere.
It is likely that because of its growth below ground, the small fruiting bodies, and ambiguous symptoms above ground, R. subterranea has been overlooked in the past and therefore, has not been considered as primary pathogen for grapevine. Available published
information together with experience from field trials was implemented into a diagnostic decision scheme which will, together
with the comprehensive literature provided, be the basis (a) to implement quick and efficient diagnosis of this pathogen in
the field and (b) to conduct risk analysis and management in areas where R. subterranea has not established yet. 相似文献