1. The occurrence of low respiratory quotients (RQ) in fowls and the reliability of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide output and heat production data in indirect calorimetry were studied.
2. The RQ, data from the gravimetric and the combined gravimetric‐volumetric systems were essentially the same, while differences in O2 and CO2 between the systems were primarily due to variations in environmental temperature.
3. Fasting RQ, was never less than 0.70 in these systems.
4. In the volumetric system the O2, CO2 and RQ, data from the diaferometer were significantly different from the infra‐red and paramagnetic analyses.
5. The CO2 values from the diaferometer were correct, but the O2 values were too low. In the specific analysers the reverse was seen, the paramagnetically‐determined O2 values being correct and the CO2 values from infra‐red analysis being too low.
6. Thus the fasting RQ values from the diaferometer were too high (0.762) and from the specific analysers too low (0.683). 相似文献
Diffusion of drugs injected into the distal interphalangeal joint or the navicular (podotrochlear) bursa can influence diagnosis and treatment of foot pain. Previous anatomical and radiographic studies of the communication between these synovial structures have produced conflicting results and did not identify the location of any communication if present. This anatomic study aimed to assess the presence and site of communication between the distal interphalangeal joint and the navicular bursa in the horse by computed tomography arthrography. Sixty‐six pairs of cadaver forelimbs were injected with contrast medium into the distal interphalangeal joint and imaged by computed tomography arthrography. The presence of a communication, location of the communication and additional structural changes were assessed. Navicular bursa opacification occurred in 7 distal limbs (5.3%) following distal interphalangeal joint injection. One limb showed a communication through the T‐ligament and 6 limbs showed a communication through the distal sesamoidean impar ligament. In 3 cases, the communication through the distal sesamoidean impar ligament was associated with a distal border fragment. Our study showed that communication between the distal interphalangeal joint and navicular bursa is uncommon and inconsistent. Clinically, the presence of a communication could (1) influence the interpretation of diagnostic analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint or the navicular bursa by facilitating the diffusion of local anaesthetic between these structures; (2) allow the drug and its potential adverse effects to spread from the treated synovial cavity to the non‐targeted synovial cavity; (3) be responsible for the failure of joint drainage in the case of sepsis. 相似文献
The importance of human activity and ecological features in influencing African forest elephant ranging behaviour was investigated in the Rabi-Ndogo corridor of the Gamba Complex of Protected Areas in southwest Gabon. Locations in a wide geographical area with a range of environmental variables were selected for patch-occupancy surveys using elephant dung to assess seasonal presence and absence of elephants. Patch-occupancy procedures allowed for covariate modelling evaluating hypotheses for both occupancy in relation to human activity and ecological features, and detection probability in relation to vegetation density. The best fitting models for old and fresh dung data sets indicate that (1) detection probability for elephant dung is negatively related to the relative density of the vegetation, and (2) human activity, such as presence and infrastructure, are more closely associated with elephant distribution patterns than are ecological features, such as the presence of wetlands and preferred fresh fruit. Our findings emphasize the sensitivity of elephants to human disturbance, in this case infrastructure development associated with gas and oil production. Patch-occupancy methodology offers a viable alternative to current transect protocols for monitoring programs with multiple covariates. 相似文献
Respiratory quotients (RQ) smaller than 0.70 must be associated with partial oxidation of the biological substrates and storage of oxygen in the carcass or the excreta. An equation for the calculation of the amount of oxygen stored in relation to the RQ is described. The fluxes of N, C, H and O in the carcass of the fasting fowl were negative and compatible with the complete oxidation of the biological substrates. The amounts of these elements in the excreta corresponded with the nitrogenous excretion products, carbohydrates and minerals. No substantial oxygen storage could be demonstrated. The very low RQ values reported in the past would require a magnitude of oxygen storage which is incompatible with life. 相似文献
The influence of light intensity using incandescent bulbs in a 16L:8D day:night schedule on the number and strength of movements and on total, resting and activity-related energy expenditure was investigated. Movements were classified into 10 activity levels of progressively increasing vigour. The number of movements at all activity levels was significantly positively correlated with the logarithm of the light intensity. Movements of low activity strength were less affected by increasing light intensities than vigorous movements. Activity-related energy expenditure was highly significant and positively affected by light intensity. A decrease of the light intensity from 120 to 1 lux may reduce total energy expenditure by 18%. A decrease in energy expenditure by 9% may be achieved by reducing the light intensity to about 15 lux, measured perpendicular to the main axis of radiation. 相似文献
1. The temperature in the close vicinity of commercial broilers was studied in relation to the setpoint temperature throughout the rearing period.
2. Mean temperature in the immediate environment of the chicks was 2.0°C lower than the setpoint of 1 d of age. During the first week this initial temperature difference gradually rose to 1.7°C above setpoint. At 18 d of age a further rise to a mean difference of 4.0°C above setpoint was measured. The difference then remained constant from 32 d of age until the end of the fattening period.
3. It was concluded that the chickens were actually brooded at 30°C. During the rearing period the ambient temperature in the close vicinity of the broilers gradually declined to 26°C.
4. During the finishing period, ambient temperature around the broilers was far above the value recommended for optimal food intake and growth.
5. These results are discussed in relation to heat generation and heat fluxes in the broiler houses. 相似文献
This study of 185 vertebral columns of male and female goats describes the gross variation in numbers of segmental vertebrae and the occurrence of a variety of transitional vertebrae. The variations in number and gross anatomical organization of transitional vertebrae are discussed and a hypothesis presented to explain their occurrence. 相似文献
The macroscopic and light microscopic structure of the vesicular and bulbourethral glands was investigated in male pigs, which were castrated early in life and examined at slaughter weight. The vesicular glands showed a constant morphological pattern while in the bulbourethral glands an individual variation was observed in the number of mucous acini and the amount of interstitial tissue. In spite of this variation in the normal structure, the latter gland as well as the vesicular gland showed reliable changes after treatment with diethylstilboestrol. 相似文献
1. The influence of fluorescent and incandescent artificial lighting in a 16L:8D day/night schedule on number and intensity of movements, and on total, resting and activity‐related energy expenditure was investigated.
2. Fluorescent light showed the same positive correlation between light intensity and physical activity at all activity levels as was found previously for incandescent light.
3. Light‐dependent physical activity under fluorescent light was higher than under incandescent light at illuminances of 5 lux and above, indicating the fowl's ability to perceive qualitative light differences.
4. Total and activity‐related energy expenditure were positively associated with illuminance; resting energy expenditure was not influenced.
5. Total, resting and activity‐related energy expenditure were not statistically significantly different between light sources.
6. The results are discussed in relationship to Teichmuller's concept of adequate lighting and the characteristics of the fowl's visual system. 相似文献
