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Fennoscandia is subjected to a considerable anthropogenic load, where S still is a notable contributor. At the same time, the region is very sensitive to acidifying depositions. The Regional Acidification Information and Simulation model (RAINS) was applied for a regional assessment of S deposition and loads in Fennoscandia from 1960 through 1995. Different variants of sources were considered: 1) all Europe, 2) north-west Russia (the Kola, Karelia and Leningrad county), and 3) the Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden). This allowed their contribution to the deposition pattern of the region to be assessed. The percentage of the ecosystems where the critical load had been exceeded was calculated for each year. For a more detailed assessment of the influence of the sources of the Kola region, estimations on the basis of local and meso-scale models were made. Comparative analysis of the calculations for the domestic and all the European sources revealed a dominating effect of S deposition from west and central Europe (Europe minus Fennoscandia) in general. The calculations showed a high, but local impact of the Kola sources on northern parts of the Fennoscandian region. 相似文献
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OLGA RIGINA and ALEXANDER BAKLANOV: Trends in sulfur emission-induced effects in northern Europe. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 105 (1–4): 331–342, 1998. Figure 2 was mistakenly put mirrored. The correct Figure 2 is printed below. SO2 emission from the Severonickel (at Monchegorsk) and Pechenganickel (at Nickel and Zapolyarni) smelters and total for the Kola Peninsula (after the Murmansk Regional Committee of Nature Protection data). The correct legend for Figure 10 should read: Figure 10. Average annual SO2 concentrations μg m-3) at the monitoring stations Svanvik and Holmfoss in the Russian-Norwegian border area and SO2 emission from the Pechenganickel smelter (kt yr-1) for 1980–1995 (updated after Sivertsen et al., 1994). 相似文献
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The Kola Peninsula (Figure 1) is the most industrially developed and urbanized region in the Russian North. The main pollution sources are the large smelters Severonickel and Pechenganickel, which are responsible for > 80 % of SO2 emission and nearly 100 % of the Ni and Cu emission in the region. The heterogeneous structure of the hydrologic network and geochemistry across the region cause natural variability in water chemistry. Due to moist and cool climate, large territories on the Kola are sensitive to acid precipitation, but around the smelters, geological peculiarities, erosion and alkaline dust emissions increase buffering capacity of waters to acidification. Lake and river monitoring implemented from 1989-1993 by the laboratory of water ecosystems, Institute of Northern Ecology Problems was a basis for GIS-analysis (ARC/VIEW-2.1) of the major constituents of water chemistry attributed to anthropogenic load in the region. After correction for sea salt, acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) of waters was calculated. The highest concentrations of anthropogenic non-sea sulfates were confined to the districts with high cation concentrations (Na+ + K+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+) that reduced negative effects. The most vulnerable regions were found in the northern tundra and high mountain tundra. 相似文献
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