Effect of sewage sludge–coir pith pellets on dry matter yield and trace metal concentration in various plant parts of forage maize     

J. Somasundaram  R. Krishnasamy  P. Savithri  M. Vassanda Coumar  V. Arun Kumar  B. Satish Kumar 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(11):1556-1569

Sewage sludge (SS), a highly heterogeneous semisolid fraction of sewage water (about 1% of the sewage water), contains various amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as trace elements such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) with extremely variable physical and chemical compositions. Application of SS improves soil properties, increases yield and simultaneously increases trace metal content in soil and plants. The difficulty in handling, transporting and applying SS and its adverse effect, especially trace metal content in soil and plant, can be overcome by SS–coir pith pelletization (SSCP) or mixing with sewage sledge–coir pith mixture (SSCM). A study was undertaken to evaluate the prepared SSCM and SSCP (1:1 ratio of SS and coir pith) along with SS on dry matter yield, trace metal content in soil and plant parts. The results showed that increased rates of application of SS or SSCM or SSCP increased the green and dry fodder yield of forage maize. Application of SS as either SSCM or SSCP at 1.2 and 2.4 g pot^?1 significantly reduced the trace metal content diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA extractable) in soil and plant parts (leaves steam and root) compared to SS application. Therefore, in order to reduce the bioavailability of trace metal in soil and its uptake by plant, application of SSCM or SSCP at 1.2 or 2.4 g pot^?1 proved to be a better option than SS application.  相似文献   

Soil and nutrients losses under different crop covers in vertisols of Central India     

Singh  R. K.  Chaudhary  R. S.  Somasundaram  J.  Sinha  N. K.  Mohanty  M.  Hati  K. M.  Rashmi  I.  Patra  A. K.  Chaudhari  S. K.  Lal  Rattan 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2020,20(2):609-620

Purpose

Accelerated erosion removes fertile top soil along with nutrients through runoff and sediments, eventually affecting crop productivity and land degradation. However, scanty information is available on soil and nutrient losses under different crop covers in a vertisol of Central India. Thus, a field experiment was conducted for 4 years (2010–2013) to study the effect of different crop cover combinations on soil and nutrient losses through runoff in a vertisol.

Materials and methods

Very limited information is available on runoff, soil, and nutrient losses under different vegetative covers in a rainfed vertisol. Thus, the hypothesis of the study was to evaluate if different crop cover combinations would have greater impact on reducing soil and nutrient losses compared to control plots in a vertisol.

This experiment consisted of seven treatment combinations of crop covers namely soybean (Glycine max) (CC₁), maize (Zea mays) (CC₂), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) (CC₃), soybean (Glycine max)?+?maize (Zea mays) ??1:1 (CC₄), soybean (Glycine ma x))?+?pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) ?2:1 (CC₅), maize (Zea mays)?+?pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) ??1:1 (CC₆), and cultivated fallow (CC₇). The plot size was 10?×?5 m with 1% slope, and runoff and soil loss were measured using multi-slot devisor. All treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications.

Results and discussion

Results demonstrated that the runoff and soil loss were significantly (p?<?0.05) higher (289 mm and 3.92 Mg ha^?1) under cultivated fallow than those in cropped plots. Among various crop covers, sole pigeon pea (CC₃) recorded significantly higher runoff and soil loss (257 mm and 3.16 Mg ha^?1) followed by that under sole maize (CC₂) (235 mm and 2.85 Mg ha^?1) and the intercrops were in the order of maize?+?pigeon pea (211 mm and 2.47 Mg ha^?1) followed by soybean?+?maize (202 mm and 2.38 Mg ha^?1), and soybean?+?pigeon pea (195 mm and 2.15 Mg ha^?1). The lowest runoff and soil loss were recorded under soybean sole crop (194 mm and 2.27 Mg ha^?1). The data on nutrient losses indicated that the highest losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) (25.83 kg ha^?1), total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) (7.76, 0.96, 32.5 kg ha^?1) were recorded in cultivated fallow (CC₇) as compared to those from sole and intercrop treatments. However, sole soybean and its intercrops recorded the minimum losses of SOC and total N, P, and K, whereas the maximum losses of nutrients were recorded under pigeon pea (CC₃). The system productivity in terms of soybean grain equivalent yield (SGEY) was higher (p?<?0.05) from maize?+?pigeon pea (3358 kg ha^?1) followed by that for soybean?+?pigeon pea (2191 kg ha^?1) as compared to sole soybean. Therefore, maize?+?pigeon pea (1:1) intercropping is the promising option in reducing runoff, soil-nutrient losses, and enhancing crop productivity in the hot sub-humid eco-region.

Conclusions

Study results highlight the need for maintenance of suitable vegetative cover as of great significance to diffusing the erosive energy of heavy rains and also safe guarding the soil resource from degradation by water erosion in vertisols.

  相似文献   

LP analysis in a tank irrigation system for near real representation and optimal allocation of area     

C. Balasubramamiam  M. V. Somasundaram  N. V. Pundarikanthan 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1996,10(2):143-158

There is a wide gap between an ideal situation and actual conditions existing in the field of irrigation management in any tank irrigation system in India. To bridge this gap, a near real time analysis through LP modeling of the existing situation and the best allocation policy is attempted for the Aralikottai tank system. The actual conditions are simulated at each sluice command level whereas the best operational policy is attempted for the entire system as a whole. The analysis is conducted separately for a drought year (1988) and a surplus year (1990) with the available five year data from 1988 to 1992. The major conclusions indicate that the late transplantations of the rice crop and the excess water application during the periods of water availability (leading to water stress during the last stages of crop maturity) are the causes of the meagre benefits in a drought year. Also, in a surplus year the excess water application over the entire cropping season resulted in under utilization of land resources and moderate benefits. The existing status of irrigation can be improved to obtain the maximum benefits from the tank command area based on the quantification done.  相似文献   

Diversity of Sodium Transporter HKT1;5 in Genus Oryza     

Shalini Pulipati  Suji Somasundaram  Nitika Rana  Kavitha Kumaresan  Mohamed Shafi  Peter Civ  &#x  Gothandapani Sellamuthu  Deepa Jaganathan  Prasanna Venkatesan Ramaravi  S. Punitha  Kalaimani Raju  Shrikant S. Mantri  R. Sowdhamini  Ajay Parida  Gayatri Venkataraman 《水稻科学》2022,29(1):31-46

Asian cultivated rice shows allelic variation in sodium transporter, OsHKT1;5, correlating with shoot sodium exclusion (salinity tolerance). These changes map to intra/extracellularly-oriented loops that occur between four transmembrane-P loop-transmembrane (MPM) motifs in OsHKT1;5. HKT1;5 sequences from more recently evolved Oryza species (O. sativa/O. officinalis complex species) contain two expansions that involve two intracellularly oriented loops/helical regions between MPM domains, potentially governing transport characteristics, while more ancestral HKT1;5 sequences have shorter intracellular loops. We compared homology models for homoeologous OcHKT1;5-K and OcHKT1;5-L from halophytic O. coarctata to identify complementary amino acid residues in OcHKT1;5-L that potentially enhance affinity for Na⁺. Using haplotyping, we showed that Asian cultivated rice accessions only have a fraction of HKT1;5 diversity available in progenitor wild rice species (O. nivara and O. rufipogon). Progenitor HKT1;5 haplotypes can thus be used as novel potential donors for enhancing cultivated rice salinity tolerance. Within Asian rice accessions, 10 non-synonymous HKT1;5 haplotypic groups occur. More HKT1;5 haplotypic diversities occur in cultivated indica gene pool compared to japonica. Predominant Haplotypes 2 and 10 occur in mutually exclusive japonica and indica groups, corresponding to haplotypes in O. sativa salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant landraces, respectively. This distinct haplotype partitioning may have originated in separate ancestral gene pools of indica and japonica, or from different haplotypes selected during domestication. Predominance of specific HKT1;5 haplotypes within the 3 000 rice dataset may relate to eco-physiological fitness in specific geo-climatic and/or edaphic contexts.  相似文献   

Delineation of Inheritance Pattern of Aleurone Layer Colour Through Chemical Tests in Rice     

Chandu Singh  Sripathy K.V.  Jeevan Kumar S.P.  Bhojaraja Naik K.  Govind Pal  Udaya Bhaskar K.  Ramesh K.V.  Somasundaram G. 《Rice》2017,10(1):48

  相似文献   

Antiarthritic Activity of Apigenin,Scutellarein and Pectinolinergenin Glycosides from Clerodendron inerme     

S. Somasundaram  ;C. Edwards 《农业科学与技术》2011,(3):257-266

The present study was aimed to investigate the anti-arthritic activity of alcoholic extract ofClerodendron inerme which was shown to inhibit inflammatory process. Arthritis was induced in rats by injecting rats intradermally with Freund＇s adjuvant 0.01%-0.1% in paraffin oil. They were grouped and received 10 mg/100 gm b.wt. of alcoholic fraction of C. inerme, 1.5 mg/100 gm b.wt. hydrocortisone and saline, orally, for 15 days. The arthritic scores, radiological scores, body weights, liver glycogen, serum mucoproteins were monitored for 49 days. Wilcoxan ranking methods and Student＇s t Test were used to determine the significance changes between control and treated groups. Adjuvant-arthritic rats showed a significant decrease in body weight, liver glycogen, increased serum mucoprotein and severity of periostitis and other degenerative changes m the bone. But treatment with the alcoholic fraction （apigenin, scutallarin and pectinolinergenin） of C. inerme exhibited a very good relief from the arthritic conditions by increasing the body weight, increased liver glycogen content and registered little degenerative changes in bones, suggesting long term anti-arthritic activity when compared to the control group. The anti-arthritic activity ofC. inetme alcoholic fraction was remarkable in this study. However, further studies are required to elucidate its full anti-arthritic potential.  相似文献   

A Comparative Study of Physical and Chemical Parameters and Ciliate Diversity of Leachate Contaminated Soil from the Landfill and the Soil from the Human Inhabitant Land     

Maurya  S.  Abraham  J. S.  Somasundaram  S.  Sandeep  Dagar  J.  Gupta  R.  Makhija  S.  Bhagat  P.  Toteja  R. 《Eurasian Soil Science》2022,55(8):1161-1172

Eurasian Soil Science - Landfilling is considered to be a safe and economical approach for waste disposal but this is true only for engineered landfills. Engineered landfills are seldom found in...  相似文献   

Antioxidant activity of indigenous edible mushrooms     

Puttaraju NG  Venkateshaiah SU  Dharmesh SM  Urs SM  Somasundaram R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(26):9764-9772

The current study was undertaken to measure the antioxidant potential from water and methanolic extracts of fruiting bodies of 23 species of mushrooms naturally grown in different geographic locations of India. The antioxidant ability of each species was analyzed for the total antioxidative status, employing multimechanistic antioxidative assays such as inhibition of lipid peroxidation, determination of reducing power, and free radical scavenging ability, in addition to determination of total phenolics and identification of phenolic acids by HPLC analysis, because the phenolics are known to contribute largely to antioxidant potential. The antioxidant potential of these varieties of mushrooms was determined by summing the antioxidative activity (AOA) of each variety by varied antioxidant assays followed by determining the relative percent of AOA defined as the "antioxidant index" (AI). On the basis of the AI, the mushroom species were graded as very high, high, moderate, and low. Termitomyces heimii was identified as the best variety, which showed 100% AI with 37 mg of phenolics/g of sample, 418 units of reducing power ability (RPA)/g, and an IC50 of approximately 1.1 mg (dry weight)/mL, free radical scavenging activity (FRS) in the water extract followed by 11.2 mg of phenolics/g, 275 units of RPA/g, and an IC50 of approximately 2.7 mg (dry weight)/mL of FRS in the methanolic extract. Following T. heimii, Termitomyces mummiformis exhibited an AI of 86% within the "very high" group. Potent inhibitions of lipid peroxidation of approximately 100 and 69% was also observed in T. heimii and T. mummiformis, respectively. Water extracts ranged from 34 to 49% and methanolic extracts varied from 20 to 32% on dry weight of mushroom fruiting body. Total phenolic compounds were higher in the water extracts (2-37 mg/g) than in methanolic extract (0.7-11.2 mg/g). The AOA measured in the water extract was better than that from the methanolic extract. HPLC analysis of phenolic acids in the two mushroom species, namely, T. heimii and T. mummiformis, displaying maximum AOA potential indicated a preponderance of tannic acid, gallic acid, protocatacheuic acid, and gentisic acid. Studies thus provide the precise antioxidant status of 23 indigenous species of mushrooms, which can serve as a useful database for the selection of mushrooms for the function of preparation of mushroom-based nutraceutics.  相似文献   

Effect of contrasting tillage and cropping systems on soil aggregation,carbon pools and aggregate‐associated carbon in rainfed Vertisols          下载免费PDF全文

J. Somasundaram  R. S. Chaudhary  D. Awanish Kumar  A. K. Biswas  N. K. Sinha  M. Mohanty  K. M. Hati  P. Jha  M. Sankar  A. K. Patra  R. Dalal  S. K. Chaudhari 《European Journal of Soil Science》2018,69(5):879-891

  相似文献   

Enhanced protective response and immuno-adjuvant effects of porcine GM-CSF on DNA vaccination of pigs against Aujeszky’s disease virus     

C. Somasundaram  H. Takamatsu  C. Andr  oni  J. -C. Audonnet  L. Fischer  F. Lef  vre  B. Charley 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1999,70(3-4):277-287

This study was conducted to investigate whether the co-delivery of DNA encoding porcine cytokines would enhance a protective immune response in pigs to a Pseudorabies virus (PRV; or Aujeszky’s disease virus) DNA vaccine. Aujeszky’s disease in pigs results in respiratory and nervous symptoms with important economic losses. To evaluate cytokine effects, eukaryotic expression vectors were constructed for porcine GM-CSF, IL-2 and IFN-γ. cDNA for each of these cytokines was inserted under the control of a CMV promoter in the pcDNA3 plasmid and cytokine expression was confirmed after DNA transfection in various mammalian cell cultures by bioassays (GM-CSF and IL2) and ELISA (IFN-γ). Pigs were vaccinated by single intramuscular injection with plasmid DNA encoding PRV gB and gD along with various combinations of cytokine plasmid constructs. Pig serum was tested for the production of antibody by isotype specific anti-PRV ELISA. Pigs were then challenged with the highly virulent PRV strain NIA3 on day 21 after vaccination. The survival and growth rate of pigs were monitored for seven days after the viral challenge. The co-administration of GM-CSF plasmid increased the immune response induced by gB and gD PRV DNA vaccine. This immune response was characterized by an earlier appearance of anti-PRV IgG2, a significantly enhanced anti-PRV IgG1 and IgG2 antibody response, a significantly decreased and shortened viral excretion in nasal swabs and an improved protection to the viral challenge. In contrast, the co-administration of porcine IL-2 or IFN-γ had no adjuvant effects. Our results thus demonstrate for the first time that the application of porcine GM-CSF gene in a DNA vaccine formulation can exert immuno-adjuvant and protective effects with single vaccination in the natural host pig against Aujeszky’s disease.  相似文献