Sorption and Degradation of Selected Fungicides in the Turfgrass Canopy     

Sigler  William V.  Reicher  Zachary  Throssell  Clark  Bischoff  Marianne  Turco  Ronald F. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2003,142(1-4):311-326

Microbial degradation of fungicides on leaf surfaces after repeated applications to turfgrass was investigated. Prior andcurrent work in our laboratory has identified two characteristicsof the turfgrass leaf system that may contribute to the enhanceddegradation of fungicides after repeated application to turfgrass:(1) The leaf surface is rich in microorganisms (～10⁸ g^-1 dr wt leaf), and (2) Leaf surface microorganisms may respond to repeated fungicide applications in a manner consistentwith the phenomena of enhanced biodegradation. Field studies wereconducted on ‘Penncross' creeping bentgrass with four fungicidesrepresenting three chemical families applied either two or eight times in one growing season. Biodegradation was estimated using data from both a field study and a parallel laboratory study thatfollowed the fate of ¹⁴C-labelled fungicides. For the laboratory incubations, the locations of the residual ¹⁴C fungicides were estimated using a sequential extraction protocolthat fractionated the materials into three pools: available,retained and bound. Data from both the field and laboratory studyrefuted our hypothesis that enhanced biodegradation would developfollowing repeated applications of the fungicides onto the leafsurface. Our studies support a conclusion that a two-stagephysical sorption process leads to plant incorporation and thiscontrols most of the fungicide's fate. Thus, our data suggestthat microbial activity plays a less important part in theprocess than would be indicated by considering the size of themicrobial population on the leaves.  相似文献