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Yosuke Sasaki Tadaaki Tokunaga Ryoko Uemura Masuo Sueyoshi 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(3):213-218
We investigated the reproductive and lifetime performances of Kagoshima Berkshire gilts and sows. We examined 20 605 parity records of 4419 pigs for 2008 to 2012 on a farrow‐to‐finish commercial farm. The mean parity (± SD) of all animals was 3.0 ± 2.1. For farrowing performance, the highest numbers of total pigs born and pigs born alive were found in sows with parities 5 and 6 and with parity 3–6, respectively (P < 0.05). Regarding weaning and mating performance, sows with parity 2 had the lowest preweaning mortality (P < 0.05). The longest weaning‐to‐first‐mating interval was found in parity 1 pigs, and the interval decreased as parity increased (P < 0.05). Parities 0 and 1 pigs had the lowest farrowing rate and those with parity 4 had the highest farrowing rate (P < 0.05). The mean parity at culling, total number of pigs born alive in a lifetime, and nonproductive days in a lifetime were 5.5 ± 2.93, 49.2 ± 24.72 pigs, and 132.1 ± 83.34 days, respectively. These animals had a lower litter size and fertility that the F1 crossbred sows mainly used in Japan, but a similar tendency for performance by parity. 相似文献
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Organic Acids for the In Situ Remediation of Soils Polluted by Heavy Metals: Soil Flushing in Columns 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
To compare the soil remediation effectiveness of saltsof weak organic acids with strongchelating agents, three soils of different textures,all polluted by heavy metals, were washed in a column,at optimum pH, with salts of weak organic acids,namely, citrate, tartarate or oxalate + citrate orchelating agents (EDTA or DTPA). For the clay loam,Cr, Mn, Hg and Pb were removed by citrate andtartarate at levels of 43 to 45, 37 to 41, 91 to 92and 75%, respectively. EDTA and DTPA effectivelyleached only Pb after 20 pore volumes. For the loam,citrate leached 98 and 89% of Cd and Pb after 20 porevolumes, respectively, while tartarate leached out 91and 87% of Cd and Pb. EDTA and DTPA removed 93 to97% of these metals after 20 pore volumes. For thesandy clay loam, 84 to 91, 73 to 84, 56 to 70 and 72to 81% of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were removedrespectively, by citrate and tartarate. EDTA and DTPAremoved 93 to 97% of these metals after 20 porevolumes. An in situ soil remediation simulation wasalso tested using the sandy clay loam in a tub. After12 hr of retention, the citrate solution washed 81, 82,73 and 90%, of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively, aftersix pore volumes. EDTA and DTPA effectively removedall heavy metals, except for Hg, but also extractedlarge quantities of soil nutrients and pollute thesoil by being adsorbed on the soil particles. Thesalts of citrate and tartarate effectively removed theheavy metals from the three polluted soils whileleaching little macro-nutrients and improving soilstructure. Each soil reached C and B levels ofsoil-clean-up criteria after 10 to 20 pore volumes andwithin 10 to 15 hr of flushing. 相似文献
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Nagata T Koyanagi M Tsukamoto H Saeki S Isono K Shichida Y Tokunaga F Kinoshita M Arikawa K Terakita A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6067):469-471
The principal eyes of jumping spiders have a unique retina with four tiered photoreceptor layers, on each of which light of different wavelengths is focused by a lens with appreciable chromatic aberration. We found that all photoreceptors in both the deepest and second-deepest layers contain a green-sensitive visual pigment, although green light is only focused on the deepest layer. This mismatch indicates that the second-deepest layer always receives defocused images, which contain depth information of the scene in optical theory. Behavioral experiments revealed that depth perception in the spider was affected by the wavelength of the illuminating light, which affects the amount of defocus in the images resulting from chromatic aberration. Therefore, we propose a depth perception mechanism based on how much the retinal image is defocused. 相似文献
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BackgroundMultifidus muscle stiffness decreases in patients with lumbar intervertebral disk herniation; however, age-related changes in humans have not been reported.ObjectivesThe reliability of ultrasound shear wave elastography in dogs, and changes in the shear elastic modulus of the thoracolumbar multifidus muscle with aging in dogs, were investigated.MethodsTwelve beagle dogs were divided into 2 groups based on the age of onset of intervertebral disk herniation: young (aged not exceeding 2 years; 1.3 ± 0.6 years old, n = 5) and adult (4.9 ± 1.2 years old, n = 7). The shear elastic modulus of the multifidus muscle, from the thirteenth thoracic spine to the fourth lumbar spine, was measured using ultrasound shear wave elastography. The length, cross-sectional area and muscle to fat ratio of the multifidus muscle, and the grade of intervertebral disk degeneration, were assessed using radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging examinations.ResultsThe length and cross-sectional area of the multifidus muscle increased caudally. In the young group, the shear elastic modulus of the multifidus muscle of the thirteenth thoracic spine was less than that of the third lumbar spine. In the adult group, the shear elastic modulus of the multifidus muscle of first and third lumbar spine was lower than that of the same site in the young group.ConclusionsUltrasound can be used to measure shear wave elastography of the thoracolumbar multifidus in dogs. If the multifidus muscle stiffness decreases, we should consider age-related change. 相似文献
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Tadaaki Tokunaga Fortune N. Jomane Shintarou Mandai Takafumi Ishida Hiroyuki Hirooka 《Animal Science Journal》2021,92(1):e13533
The objective of this study was to develop mathematical equations for describing the change in marbling in Japanese Black steers using longitudinal measurements. Serial ultrasound measurements were taken at 14, 16, 20, and 26 months of age and analyzed using an image analysis software. The longitudinal marbling measurements from the ultrasound images and carcasses were fitted into a nonlinear logistic curve. Data used for the analysis consisted of 749 steers that converged in nonlinear curve fitting and showed reasonable estimated parameters of the logistic curves. The average predicted mature beef marbling score (BMS) and maturation rate were 6.26 and 0.353, respectively, and the average maturity levels at 24 months of age were 83.9%. The heritability estimates for the predicted maturity traits were moderate, indicating that these traits may have potential for genetic improvement. There was a negative relationship between the expected progeny differences between carcass BMS and maturity traits, suggesting that genetic improvement by carcass BMS may lead to the selection of bulls with late maturity for marbling. The results indicate that ultrasound and model building for marbling can be useful tools to correctly select candidate bulls with high marbling in the early fattening period. 相似文献
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We evaluated whether the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is related to disease severity, prognosis and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity of the CSF in miniature dachshund with intervertebral disc herniation. Samples were obtained from 23 patients and 6 normal dogs, and all patients received hemilaminectomy. Twenty dogs recovered successfully and 3 of 11 dogs without deep nociception had MMP-9 activity in the CSF and an unsuccessful outcome. The COMP levels from patients were significantly higher than those from normal dogs. MMP-9 activity and neurological severity were not related to the COMP levels. However, the COMP levels from 3 unsuccessful cases that had MMP-9 activity were significantly lower than those from all recovered cases and/or successful cases without deep nociception. Concerning severe cases, increased proteolytic activity might affect the COMP concentration and prognosis due to MMP-9 associated deleterious effects. 相似文献
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Tokunaga Tetsu K. Lipton Douglas S. Benson Sally M. Yee Andy W. Oldfather Joan M. Duckart Eugene C. Johannis Paul W. Halvorsen Kathleen E. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1991,(1):31-41
Kesterson Reservoir, in the San Joaquin Valley of California, was used for disposal of saline, seleniferous agricultural drain waters during the years 1981 - 1986. The combined effects of infrequent drain water application, reduction and oxidation of Se, and evapotranspirative removal of soil water within the upper 1 m of the soil profiles appear to provide explanations for distribution patterns of Se in soils of upland sites. From 1987 to 1990, an approximate doubling in average soil solution Se concentrations was observed. It is shown that currently only relatively insignificant quantities of Se have been transported into the Pond 11 soils from the shallow water table. Sequential extraction of these upland soils indicated that substantial inventories of Se were associated with soluble, adsorbed, carbonate, and soil organic matter fractions, while Se retained within refractory inorganic fractions were minor. The mobilization of Se from these potentially labile pools may account for the observed increases in soil solution concentrations of Se following the draining of Kesterson Reservoir. 相似文献
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The pH dependency of Cd, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Hg, and Pb uptake by 14 different types of minerals and soil materials has been studied. The solids were interacted with metal solutions separately in a batch procedure, and the percentage of metal uptake of different metal-solid combinations was compared and evaluated. The results were quantified by the pH values at which 10, 50 and 90% of the metal uptake took place. Physical and chemical characteristics of the solids were correlated with metal uptake. The results verify the importance of geochemical parameters of soils such as organic content, type of clay mineral, presence of complexing ions, and redox-potential for controlling metal uptake. Retention of Cd, Cr(VI), Hg, and Pb was found to be strongly dependent on organic content of the materials studied. Montmorillonite (in bentonite and smectite) showed the highest uptake of Cd, Cr(III) and Pb among all minerals and soil materials, while illite and kaolinite showed lower uptake than the soils. At low pH, the uptake percentage of Cr(VI) by organic soils was higher than that of any of the other metal ions. The uptake of Hg was low in comparison to other cations, which may be explained by formation of soluble Hg(CI)2° or Hg(CI)4 2? complexes. 相似文献