Oedema disease and post-weaning diarrhoea (enteric colibacillosis) occur in pigs aged 4–12 weeks, and are responsible for considerable economic losses (B ertschinger et al. 1992). The typical clinical symptoms of oedema disease are neurological signs such as ataxia, convulsions and paralysis. At post-mortem examination, oedema is typically present at characteristic sites such as eyelids and forehead, stomach wall and mesocolon. The occurrence of these illnesses in the whole population is quite high, about 15%, and the mortality among the sick animals is about 90% (N ielsen 1986). The disease is associated with the colonization of the small intestine with toxigenic Escherichia coli strains of a limited number of serotypes: O138, O139, O141, O147, O157, O16, O108 (B ertschinger et al. 1990; W ittig et al. 1994; R ippinger et al. 1995). It was revealed that E. coli strain 107/86 (serotype: O139:K12), forms fimbriae which adhere in vitro to cells isolated from small intestine epithelium (B ertschinger et al. 1990). Genetic studies revealed that susceptibility to colonization by an Escherichia coli strain with fimbriae F18 is controlled by a dominant allele, and the resistance to colonization by a recessive allele (B ertschinger et al. 1993). The gene locus for E. coli F18 receptor (ECF18R) has been mapped to the porcine chromosome 6 (V& ouml ; geli et al. 1996). Following this finding, M eijerink et al. (1997) have cloned the α(1,2)-fucosyltransferase genes FUT1, FUT2 and the pseudogene FUT2P. Sequencing of the FUT1 gene in swine resistant to adhesion by F18 fimbriated E. coli revealed a transition (G → A) at 307 bp position (M307). Thus, the M307A allele was considered as a good marker for the selection of resistant animals (M eijerink et al. 1997; V& ouml ; geli et al. 1997). The main purpose of this paper was the recognition of the mutation in four Polish pig breeds, namely Polish Large White, Polish Landrace, Zlotnicka White and autochtonous Zlotnicka Spotted. 相似文献
The species of Salix herbacea L. and Salix lapponum L. are the rare relicts within the genus of Salix. With respect to their phylogeography, they are classified into the taxa of the Arctic-Alpine distribution. They can be found in the Arctic zone (Greenland, Scandinavia, Spitsbergen) as well as in such geographically separated areas as the mountains of lower latitudes like the Alps, the Sudetes or the Carpathians. Another species of willow occurring in the mountains of Europe, and more specifically on montane positions of the Balkan-Carpathian distribution is S. silesiaca. The aim of the study was to determine the severity of the diseases of the willows growing in selected locations in the Karkonosze Mountains. The research was conducted in the years 2014 and 2015 in the Kocio? ?omniczki [the ?omniczka Cirque] and the Wielki and Ma?y ?nie?ny Kocio?, [the Great and Small Snowy Cirques] at intervals of 4 weeks, from April to October. Field observations included the species of the genera Salix: S. herbacea, S. silesiaca and S. lapponum. Disease symptoms were identified with the percentage of infected plants at selected locations, as well as the percentage of infected leaves, recorded. In the course of the research, symptoms of rust caused by Melampsora epitea and M. alpina (S. herbacea and S. silesiaca), black spot blight caused by Rhytisma salicinum (S. silesiaca) and leaf spot, probably caused by a complex of fungal taxa (S. herbacea), were detected on the leaves of Salix spp. growing in post glacial cirques. During the study period, there were no disease symptoms on S. lapponum. A total of 13 species of fungi were isolated from the infected leaves of S. herbacea. In the first year, the highest share in the fungal assembly was taken by Penicillium notatum, followed by Alternaria alternata and an unidentified species of the genus Ceuthospora. In the second year of the research, Ceuthospora spp. and A. alternata predominated in the species assembly of fungi in the infected leaves of the herb willow. 相似文献
The purpose of the study was to determine the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F), two types of persistent organic pollutant (POP), in an urban retention reservoir located in an industrial zone within a coal-mining region. It also assesses the potential ecological risk of the PCDDs/Fs present in bottom sediments and the relationship between their content and the fraction of organic matter.
Materials and methods
The sediment samples were collected from Rybnik Reservoir, located in the centre of the Rybnik Coal Region, Silesia, one of Poland’s major industrial centres. Seventeen PCDD/F congeners in the surface of the sediments were analysed using high-resolution gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS).
Results and discussion
The toxic equivalency (TEQ) of the PCDDs/Fs in the sediments ranged from 1.65 to 32.68 pg TEQ g?1. PCDDs constituted 59–78% of the total PCDDs/Fs, while the PCDFs accounted for 22–41%. The pattern of PCDD/F congeners in the sediments was dominated by OCDD. However, the second-most prevalent constituents were OCDF and ∑HpCDFs in the low TOC sediment (< 10 g TOC kg?1), but HpCDD in the rich TOC samples (> 10 g TOC kg?1). PCDD/F concentrations in the sediment samples were 2- to 38-fold higher than the sediment quality guidelines limit, indicating high ecological risk potential. Although a considerable proportion of PCDDs/Fs in the bottom sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir were derived from combustion processes, they were also obtained via transport, wastewater discharge, high-temperature processes and thermal electricity generation. The PCDD/F concentrations were significantly correlated with all fractions of organic matter; however, the strongest correlation coefficients were found between PCDDs/Fs and humic substances. Besides organic matter, the proportions of silt/clay fractions within sediments played an important role in the transport of PCDDs/Fs in bottom sediments.
Conclusions
The silt/clay fraction of the bottom sediments plays a dominant role in the movement of PCDDs/Fs, while the organic matter fraction affects their sorption. The results indicate that the environmental behaviour of PCDDs/Fs is affected by the quantity and quality of organic matter and the texture of sediments.
Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from nasal swabs and lungs of pigs, to 16 commonly used antibiotics, was determined by disc diffusion test. beta-lactams showed the best activity against Streptococcus suis (S. suis) (> 99% of susceptible strains). The lowest sensitivity of S. suis was evidenced to: tylosin, tetracycline and neomycin (50%, 40% and 25%, respectively). Isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) demonstrated the highest susceptibility to cephalosporin (85% strains), gentamicin and norfloxacin (over 74%). The lowest susceptibility of E. coli was demonstrated to tiamulin and penicillin (11.3% and 1.9%, respectively). Over 80% of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) strains were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. The highest resistance of App, but demonstrated by below 20% of tested isolates only, was evidenced to neomycin and LxS. Isolates of Pasteurella multocida (Pm), Haemophilus parasuis (Hps) and Arcanobacterium pyogenes (A. pyogenes) were highly susceptible to the most antibiotics included in the analysis. The comparison of the in vitro susceptibility of pathogens to the chemotherapeutics used on Polish farms for the therapy of bacterial infection of pigs within the last five years and the last 10 years, showed an increasing percent of E. coli and S. suis strains resistant to commonly used antibiotics. It is also shown that Pm, Hps, App and A. pyogenes isolates were continuously susceptible to the most chemotherapeutics applied. 相似文献
