Review: The strobilurin fungicides     

DW Bartlett  JM Clough  JR Godwin  AA Hall  M Hamer  B Parr‐Dobrzanski 《Pest management science》2004,60(3):309-309

The original article to which this Correction refers was published in Pest Management Science 58 (7): 649–662 (2002).Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Barium hydroxide as a tool to extract pure arabinoxylans from water-insoluble cell wall material of wheat flour     

H. Gruppen  R.J. Hamer  A.G.J. Voragen   《Journal of Cereal Science》1991,13(3)

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Vaccination of weaner pigs against classical swine fever with the subunit vaccine "Porcilis Pesti": influence of different immunization plans on excretion and transmission of challenge virus     

Ziegler U  Kaden V 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2002,115(7-8):267-273

Excretion and transmission of CSFV after vaccination with the CSF subunit marker vaccine "Porcilis Pesti" have been studied using the following different vaccination schedules: Group A--two vaccinations with an interval of 28 d, challenge 14 d after second vaccination (p.v2.); group B--two vaccinations with an interval of 14 d, challenge 14 d later; group C--two vaccinations with an interval of 28 d, challenge at time of booster vaccination; group D--two vaccinations with an interval of 14 d, challenge 7 d p.v2.; group E--single vaccination and infection 14 d later. After infection one sentinel pig was added to the vaccinated and infected pigs of each group. A single vaccination did not induce protective immunity against a CSFV challenge. Double vaccination at a four-week interval protected piglets from clinical infection, and neither viraemia and leukopenia nor virus excretion were detected if infected 14 d p.v2. Two vaccinations at a two-week interval followed by a challenge 7 d p.v2. led to a short viraemia on day 5 p.i. but without excretion of CSFV. Though all other vaccination schedules induced a reduction in virus shedding and a decrease in CSFV replication, in all these cases in-contact controls became infected. The results of transmission of CSFV are discussed in relation to a potential use of subunit marker vaccines in CSF control.  相似文献   

Factors Associated with Grassland Bird Species Richness: The Relative Roles of Grassland Area, Landscape Structure, and Prey     

Tammy L. Hamer  Curtis H. Flather  Barry R. Noon 《Landscape Ecology》2006,21(4):569-583

The factors responsible for widespread declines of grassland birds in the United States are not well understood. This study, conducted in the short-grass prairie of eastern Wyoming, was designed to investigate the relationship between variation in habitat amount, landscape heterogeneity, prey resources, and spatial variation in grassland bird species richness. We estimated bird richness over a 5-year period (1994–1998) from 29 Breeding Bird Survey locations. Estimated bird richness was modeled as a function of landscape structure surrounding survey routes using satellite-based imagery (1996) and grasshopper density and richness, a potentially important prey of grassland birds. Model specification progressed from simple to complex explanations for spatial variation in bird richness. An information-theoretic approach was used to rank and select candidate models. Our best model included measurements of habitat amount, habitat arrangement, landscape matrix, and prey diversity. Grassland bird richness was positively associated with grassland habitat; was negatively associated with habitat dispersion; positively associated with edge habitats; negatively associated with landscape matrix attributes that may restrict movement of grassland bird; and positively related to grasshopper richness. Collectively, 62% of the spatial variation in grassland bird richness was accounted for by the model (adj-R² = 0.514). These results suggest that the distribution of grassland bird species is influenced by a complex mixture of factors that include habitat area affects, landscape pattern and composition, and the availability of prey.  相似文献   

Establishment of an agroforestry research network in Victoria,Australia (1983–85)     

P. J. Baldwin  H. T. L. Stewart  P. R. Bird  W. I. Hamer  D. W. Flinn  K. N. Cumming  D. J. Connor 《Agroforestry Systems》1988,6(1):213-233

From 1983 to 1985, a network of agroforestry research trials was established at six localities throughout Victoria. This paper describes experimental designs and establishment procedures used at the trial sites. The overall aim of the research program is to provide definitive information on the costs and benefits of a wide range of agroforestry combinations. Accordingly, trials were established at the following locations to test a total of 93 tree species grown in combination with specific types of agriculture:

1. Carngham (near Ballarat) — sheep grazing andPinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine);
2. Hamilton (several sites) — sheep grazing and mixed tree species;
3. Kyabram — irrigated pastures andEucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (flooded gum);
4. Rutherglen — cereal cropping and shelterbelts;
5. Myrtleford — irrigatedMentha spp. (mint) and two clones ofPopulus spp. (poplar); and
6. Neerim South (near Warragul) — cattle grazing and mixed tree species.

Conventional and systematic experimental designs have been used in setting up these trials, which in total constitute the most comprehensive agroforestry research in Australia. This paper describes these trials in detail, and stresses the importance of their continued expert management, so that the full benefits of the work can be realised for rural Victoria.  相似文献   

Bedeutung eines jahreszeitlich unterschiedlichen Einschlagszeitpunktes für das Trocknungsverhalten des Schnittholzes von Fichten (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)     

Volker Klaiber und Ute Seeling 《Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt》2002,121(6):267-282

Zusammenfassung:   Die vorliegende Untersuchung hat zum Ziel, die Auswirkungen eines jahreszeitlich unterschiedlichen Einschlagszeitpunktes von Fichten (Winter- und Sommereinschlag) auf die Dimensionsstabilität des daraus erzeugten Schnittholzes zu erfassen und zu quantifizieren. Hierzu wurden jeweils 12 Fichten aus Winter- und Sommereinschlag unmittelbar nach der Aufarbeitung im Bestand zu Bauschnittholz in praxisüblichen Dimensionen verarbeitet. Die Erfassung der trocknungsbedingten Verwerfungen des Schnittholzes erfolgte mittels Vermessung der Kantholzform vor und nach einer technischen Kammertrocknung (Zielfeuchte u = 15 ± 3%). Dabei zeigte sich, dass der saisonal unterschiedliche Zeitpunkt der Fällung der Bäume keinen statistisch abgesicherten Einfluss auf die durchschnittlichen Verwerfungen bzw. die Dimensionsstabilität der daraus erzeugten Kanthölzer hatte.  相似文献   

PROGRESS ON IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY: UK-CHINA VIRTUAL JOINT CENTERS ON NITROGEN AGRONOM     

Tom MISSELBROOK  Zhaohai BAI  Zejiang CAI  Weidong CAO  Alison CARSWELL  Nicholas COWAN  Zhenling CUI  David CHADWICK  Bridget EMMETT  Keith GOULDING  Rui JIANG  Davey JONES  Xiaotang JU  Hongbin LIU  Yuelai LU  Lin MA  David POWLSON  Robert M. REES  Ute SKIBA  Pete SMITH  Roger SYLVESTER-BRADLEY  John WILLIAMS  Lianhai WU  Minggang XU  Wen XU  Fusuo ZHANG  Junling ZHANG  Jianbin ZHOU  Xuejun LIU 《农业科学与工程前沿(英文版)》2022,9(3):475

● Virtual joint centers on N agronomy were established between UK and China. ● Key themes were improving NUE for fertilizers, utilizing livestock manures, and soil health. ● Improved management practices and technologies were identified and assessed. ● Fertilizer emissions and improved manure management are key targets for mitigation. Two virtual joint centers for nitrogen agronomy were established between the UK and China to facilitate collaborative research aimed at improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in agricultural production systems and reducing losses of reactive N to the environment. Major focus areas were improving fertilizer NUE, use of livestock manures, soil health, and policy development and knowledge exchange. Improvements to fertilizer NUE included attention to application rate in the context of yield potential and economic considerations and the potential of improved practices including enhanced efficiency fertilizers, plastic film mulching and cropping design. Improved utilization of livestock manures requires knowledge of the available nutrient content, appropriate manure processing technologies and integrated nutrient management practices. Soil carbon, acidification and biodiversity were considered as important aspects of soil health. Both centers identified a range of potential actions that could be taken to improve N management, and the research conducted has highlighted the importance of developing a systems-level approach to assessing improvement in the overall efficiency of N management and avoiding unintended secondary effects from individual interventions. Within this context, the management of fertilizer emissions and livestock manure at the farm and regional scales appear to be particularly important targets for mitigation.  相似文献   

Development of a standard test for dough-making properties of oat cultivars     

Diana M. Londono  Marinus J.M. Smulders  Richard G.F. Visser  Luud J.W.J. Gilissen  Rob J. Hamer 《Journal of Cereal Science》2014

Bread is consumed all over the world. However, so far, production of large volume bread is only possible with wheat. Alternatives, such as oats, are less suitable but this is partly due to the lack of knowledge about their functionality for other purposes than porridge, which is their most common use. Existing standard tests for the dough making characteristics of wheat flour are not suitable for oat flour, hampering research to optimize oats for bread-making purposes. We therefore set out to develop a test to evaluate oat in relation to mixing and dough making properties using wheat as a model. It was possible to reproduce the profile of various qualities of wheat flour using mixtures of oat flour and gluten in different proportions. Our standard test was based on a dough system composed of 87.2% oat flour and 12.8% gluten and it presented similar properties to a wheat flour with regard to resistance to extension. This dough system was sensitive and reliable (coefficient of variation lower than 10%) for detecting differences among oat cultivars, and it can be used to screen oat varieties and individual oat components in relation to relevant properties for bread-making purposes.  相似文献   

Production of Induced Secondary Metabolites by a Co-Culture of Sponge-Associated Actinomycetes,Actinokineospora sp. EG49 and Nocardiopsis sp. RV163     

Yousef Dashti  Tanja Grkovic  Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen  Ute Hentschel  Ronald J. Quinn 《Marine drugs》2014,12(5):3046-3059

Two sponge-derived actinomycetes, Actinokineospora sp. EG49 and Nocardiopsis sp. RV163, were grown in co-culture and the presence of induced metabolites monitored by ¹H NMR. Ten known compounds, including angucycline, diketopiperazine and β-carboline derivatives 1–10, were isolated from the EtOAc extracts of Actinokineospora sp. EG49 and Nocardiopsis sp. RV163. Co-cultivation of Actinokineospora sp. EG49 and Nocardiopsis sp. RV163 induced the biosynthesis of three natural products that were not detected in the single culture of either microorganism, namely N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-acetamide (11), 1,6-dihydroxyphenazine (12) and 5a,6,11a,12-tetrahydro-5a,11a-dimethyl[1,4]benzoxazino[3,2-b][1,4]benzoxazine (13a). When tested for biological activity against a range of bacteria and parasites, only the phenazine 12 was active against Bacillus sp. P25, Trypanosoma brucei and interestingly, against Actinokineospora sp. EG49. These findings highlight the co-cultivation approach as an effective strategy to access the bioactive secondary metabolites hidden in the genomes of marine actinomycetes.  相似文献   

Metabolomic Tools for Secondary Metabolite Discovery from Marine Microbial Symbionts     

Lynsey Macintyre  Tong Zhang  Christina Viegelmann  Ignacio Juarez Martinez  Cheng Cheng  Catherine Dowdells  Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen  Christine Gernert  Ute Hentschel  RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel 《Marine drugs》2014,12(6):3416-3448

Marine invertebrate-associated symbiotic bacteria produce a plethora of novel secondary metabolites which may be structurally unique with interesting pharmacological properties. Selection of strains usually relies on literature searching, genetic screening and bioactivity results, often without considering the chemical novelty and abundance of secondary metabolites being produced by the microorganism until the time-consuming bioassay-guided isolation stages. To fast track the selection process, metabolomic tools were used to aid strain selection by investigating differences in the chemical profiles of 77 bacterial extracts isolated from cold water marine invertebrates from Orkney, Scotland using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Following mass spectrometric analysis and dereplication using an Excel macro developed in-house, principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to differentiate the bacterial strains based on their chemical profiles. NMR ¹H and correlation spectroscopy (COSY) were also employed to obtain a chemical fingerprint of each bacterial strain and to confirm the presence of functional groups and spin systems. These results were then combined with taxonomic identification and bioassay screening data to identify three bacterial strains, namely Bacillus sp. 4117, Rhodococcus sp. ZS402 and Vibrio splendidus strain LGP32, to prioritize for scale-up based on their chemically interesting secondary metabolomes, established through dereplication and interesting bioactivities, determined from bioassay screening.  相似文献