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根据水量平衡方程式计算,雨养麦田三个试验麦季的耗水量分别为435.5、326和293.8mm,它们可代表该区过湿、一般和干旱年分的小麦耗水量.小麦地上部分生物量(茎杆+籽实)与其耗水量成正比,以第一麦季为100,第二、第三麦季分别为85和70;但籽实产量的反应与地上部生物量的反应并不一致,它们分别为100、102、70,以第二麦季最高.由于该麦季的耗水量相对较少,故有很高的水分利用率(1.73×10-3kg/1)为华北地区所罕见.在耗水量中,土嚷储水的贡献约占50%.在降雨少而土壤储水丰足的年份,其贡献高达60%,是小麦水分的重要来源.在充分施肥条件下,小麦的水分利用率≥1.26×10-3kg/1,它是建立预测小麦产量的经验模型的重要参数. 相似文献
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During 1981, an experiment was conducted to examine the spatial variability of surface temperature within differentially irrigated grain sorghum fields. The measurements were performed at the University of California-Davis in 85 m long transects measured with an infrared thermometer reading at 1.0 m intervals. These measurements were made repeatedly throughout the season. When the data were analyzed to evaluate the spatial variability along each transect, it was found that along the transects the readings at 1 m intervals were not correlated. This lack of structure or spatial dependence within a given field suggests that a random sampling in a field would be adequate for infrared thermometer measurements. During a drying cycle from one irrigation to the next, the variance of surface temperature along a transect increased. However, there was not a statistically significant relationship between the amount of water extracted from the upper 150 cm of the profile when more than 40% of the available water remained. When more than 60% of the available water had been removed, the variance increased above 0.5°C2 but below this amount the variances did not exhibit any significant pattern. These data suggest that the variance of surface temperature within a field may not be a sensitive indicator of the soil water status. Utilizing the fact that the surface temperatures along the transects were random and normally distributed, we calculated that the number of samples needed to achieve a confidence limit of 1.0°C about the mean was 10 samples for a field with more than 40% available soil water and increased to 20 samples as the field dried below the 60% extraction level. These data suggest that the spatial variability techniques could be utilized to evaluate agricultural fields for their distribution efficiencies and problems. In application the samples required per field are a manageable number and could be analyzed with classical statistical methods. 相似文献
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Vauclin Sophia Mourier Brice Tena Alvaro Piégay Hervé Winiarski Thierry 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2020,20(6):2697-2708
Journal of Soils and Sediments - River infrastructures such as dikes, groynes, and dams are ubiquitous on most large rivers, and although their consequences on the riverbed morphology have often... 相似文献
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本文用一组张力计和中子水分计同步监测的剖面土水势和含水量的资料,通过零通量面法计算根层边界的水分通量;在剖面没有零通量面出现时,则用根层边界附近的土水势资料和预先测定的土壤导水率资料,通过达西公式计算其水流通量。结果表明,在水位较浅条件下,根层边界不仅有向上水流发生,而且在附近抽水灌溉引起水位急剧下降条件下,也有短期的向下水流发生,使深层土壤水分流出根层边界,对根系供水产生负的影响。 相似文献
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A simplified modelling approach for pesticide transport in a tile-drained field: The PESTDRAIN model
The paper presents a simplified model called PESTDRAIN. It simulates pesticide transport in a subsurface tile-drained field. It computes surface runoff and tile-drainage flow rates, along with the associated pesticide concentrations, with a variable event-driven time step. PESTDRAIN consists of three coupled modules: SIDRA, SIRUP and SILASOL. SIDRA and SIRUP are the water flow simulation modules in the saturated and unsaturated zones, respectively. SIDRA follows a simplified physically based approach while SIRUP follows a conceptual capacitive approach. SILASOL is the solute transport module for both the saturated and unsaturated zones and is based on transfer functions. It includes simple representations of adsorption and degradation of pesticides.PESTDRAIN was tested on field data sets collected for three drainage seasons at the La Jaillière experimental site in north-western France, for the wheat herbicides isoproturon (IPU) and diflufenican (DFF). After model calibration, relative errors for drainage and surface runoff flows over the season were 14% and 4%, respectively, and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (Neff) value for drainage discharge was 0.58. A fair reproduction of a high temporal resolution IPU concentration data set in drainage discharge was also obtained (Neff=0.28). For the validation data sets, PESTDRAIN was able to simulate accurately drainage discharge with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of 0.57 and 0.69. The global Neff was 0.44 for all flow-weighted average weekly concentrations in drainage. Relative errors for the pesticide losses were 2.5% and 35% (IPU), and 60% (DFF). For surface runoff the results were not as accurate, but they remained correct in terms of time location and order of magnitude. Although further validation is necessary with more field data, PESTDRAIN appears as a promising tool for agricultural water management. 相似文献
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A new decision-making software tool for sprinkler or drip irrigation scheduling and monitoring, was developed at the request of small scale sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) farmers in Reunion Island (France) facing variable climate and soil conditions. Based on a simple water balance simulation model coupled with a comprehensive set of decisions rules, OSIRI was designed to provide farmers with targeted advices on discrete units of irrigation and for simulating scenarios of irrigation systems to optimize their performance. An optional procedure of direct adjustment by farmers and a system of controlled irrigation rationing are proposed. To meet the producer needs, the number of input parameters is adapted to the rather limited data availability, and the recommendation sheet is user-friendly oriented. Field data confirmed that OSIRI simulates very reasonably well actual evapotranspiration and drainage below the sugarcane root zone. Also, OSIRI allowed to save about 30% of irrigation delivery on a 140-day period as compared to the currently used crop water requirement method (respectively, 165 and 240 mm of water), without significant decrease in yield (respectively, 102 and 101 T ha−1). 相似文献
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本文应用穆斯堡尔谱学方法,研究了我国南方地区不同干热条件下形成的燥红土中存在的氧化铁的类型、性质及其Al3+同晶代换作用.我们所研究的4种燥红土表层胶体部分(<2微米),在室温和80K温度下测量了穆新堡尔谱,在室温下谱线出现超顺磁状态,80K温度下观察到明显的磁分裂六线谱.计算机拟合结果表明,氧化铁的类型以赤铁矿和针铁矿为主,并以细颗粒状态存在.反映了热带、亚热带土壤的特点.不同干旱条件下,土壤胶体部分赤铁矿、针铁矿所占的比例也有明显的不同,愈干旱赤铁矿的比例愈高. 相似文献
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封丘地区土壤水分平衡研究——Ⅰ.田间土壤湿度的空间变异 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13
在一块66×100m2的平坦试验地中按10×10m分格测定土壤湿度的分布表明,其表层(0-45cm)是正态分布的.心土(45-90cm)湿度呈非正态分布,可能与其中有一层持水性较高但厚薄不一的粘土层有关.表层取样4个时,其平均值的误差估值为0.024(g/g).半方差分析表明,土壤湿度的空间分布是有结构的,其相关域约30m.这种结构是稳定的,其稳定性亦为秩相关分析所证明.为了使样本符合独立原则,取样点之间的距离应≥相关域.在这个前提下,选定监测点的土壤湿度愈接近总体平均值,其误差可望愈小. 相似文献
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Ibrahim Mubarak Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo Jean Claude Mailhol Mohammadreza Khaledian Michel Vauclin 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(10):1517-150
The management of irrigated agricultural fields requires reliable information about soil hydraulic properties and their spatio-temporal variability. The spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks and the alpha-parameter αvG-2007 of the van Genuchten equation was reviewed on an agricultural loamy soil after a 17-year period of repeated conventional agricultural practices for tillage and planting. The Beerkan infiltration method and its algorithm BEST were used to characterize the soil through the van Genuchten and Brooks and Corey equations. Forty field measurements were made at each node of a 6 m × 7.5 m grid. The soil hydraulic properties and their spatial structure were compared to those recorded in 1990 on the same field soil, through the exponential form of the soil hydraulic conductivity given by the Gardner equation, using the Guelph Pressure Infiltrometer technique. No significant differences in the results obtained in 1990 and 2007 were observed for either particle-size distribution or dry bulk density. The mean value of αvG-2007 was found to be identical to that of αG-1990, while that of Ks-2007 was significantly smaller than that of Ks-1990. In contrast to the Gardner equation, the van Genuchten/Brooks and Corey expression was found to be more representative of a well-graded particle-size distribution of a loamy soil. The geostatistical analysis showed the two parameters, Ks and αvG-2007, were autocorrelated up to about 30 and 21 m, respectively, as well as spatially positively correlated within a range of 30 m. Despite the difference in the mean values of Ks between the two studies, the spatial structures were similar to those found in the 1990 experiment except for the covariance sign. The similarity in autocorrelation ranges indicate that the spatial analysis of soil hydraulic properties is independent of the infiltration methods (i.e., measurement of an infiltration flux) used in the two studies, while the difference in the covariance sign may be linked to the use of two different techniques of soil hydraulic parameterization. The covariance values found in the 2007 campaign indicates a positive relationship between the two parameters, Ks and αvG-2007. The spatial correlations of soil hydraulic parameters appear to be temporally stabilized, at least within the agro-pedo-climatic context of the study. This may be attributed to the soil textural properties which remain constant in time and to the structural properties which are constantly renewed by the cyclic agricultural practices. However, further experiments are needed to strengthen this result. 相似文献
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