Review: The strobilurin fungicides     

DW Bartlett  JM Clough  JR Godwin  AA Hall  M Hamer  B Parr‐Dobrzanski 《Pest management science》2004,60(3):309-309

The original article to which this Correction refers was published in Pest Management Science 58 (7): 649–662 (2002).Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

The effects of exogenous xylanase supplementation on the in vivo generation of xylooligosaccharides and monosaccharides in broilers fed a wheat-based diet     

T. Dale  I. Hannay  M. R. Bedford  G. A. Tucker  J. M. Brameld  T. Parr 《British poultry science》2020,61(4):471-481

ABSTRACT

1. This study quantified xylanase-induced changes in soluble monosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents of the different sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and whether these were related to altered bird performance.

2. An in vitro digestion of the wheat-based diet was carried out with the xylanase (Econase XT at 16,000BXU/kg diet) to compare the in vitro and in vivo generation of these XOS and monosaccharides. For the in vivo study, 80 male Ross 508 b roiler chicks were split into two groups fed a wheat-based diet with or without Econase XT (16,000BXU/kg diet) for 21 days.

3. There were no effects of Econase XT inclusion on growth performance characteristics, likely a result of the high-quality wheat diet, the corresponding high performance of the control group (FCR average of 1.45 in controls) and the relatively young age of the birds (from four to 26 days of age).

4. Econase XT supplementation increased the xylotetraose (X₄) content in the colon (P = 0.046, enzyme x GIT section interaction) and the xylose contents in the colon and caeca (P < 0.001, enzyme x GIT section interaction).

5. The trend for increased acetate production in the caeca of Econase XT treated birds (P = 0.062) suggested that the XOS generated were subsequently fermented in the caeca, potentially impacting upon the types of microbiota present.

6. The present study suggested that wheat arabinoxylan degradation was enhanced by xylanase supplementation, which may have increased the production of beneficial volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the caeca, and thereby potentially modulated the caecal microbiome, but without affecting bird performance at this early age.  相似文献   

Relationship between skeletal muscle-specific calpain and tenderness of conditioned porcine longissimus muscle   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Parr T  Sensky PL  Scothern GP  Bardsley RG  Buttery PJ  Wood JD  Warkup C 《Journal of animal science》1999,77(3):661-668

Tenderization of skeletal muscle in meat animals has been closely linked to the postmortem activity of the calpain proteolytic enzyme system, which includes the specific inhibitor calpastatin. Increased understanding of the skeletal muscle-specific calpain isoform p94 has prompted suggestions as to whether it too could have a role in the tenderization process. In this study, two groups of pigs were identified in which shear force measurements after 8 d of conditioning indicated a large variation in the tenderness of longissimus muscle. The quantity of p94 in the muscle was monitored by immunoblotting, using a porcine-specific polyclonal antibody raised against a recombinant peptide fragment generated as a fusion protein. The antiserum recognized a 94-kDa protein associated with myofibrils in skeletal but not cardiac muscle, as expected for this calpain isoform, although it could not be tested with the native protein because of the extreme instability of p94. In the first experiment, the mean shear force for the tough group was 6.71 +/- .28 kg (n = 12, SEM) and that of the tender group was 3.87 +/- .12 kg (n = 12), but there was no difference in the normalized absorbance of the immunopositive 94 kDa band on Western blots from samples collected at approximately 40 min postmortem. In the second experiment, the stability of p94 in chilled carcasses was investigated over 24 h, using a further two groups of 10 tough and 10 tender pigs of mean shear force values 5.36 +/- .14 kg and 2.81 +/- .15 kg, respectively. In tough and tender animals, there was a decline (P < .05) in the 94-kDa immunostaining material of mean half-lives of 13.8 and 12.9 h, respectively, although there was considerable variability. Despite this variability in half lives and shear force values, no correlation was seen between these factors. Thus, in porcine longissimus muscle, the variability in tenderness after 8 d of conditioning cannot be attributed to an underlying variability in p94.  相似文献   

Effect of restricted postweaning growth resulting from reduced floor and feeder-trough space on pig growth performance to slaughter weight in a wean-to-finish production system   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wolter BF  Ellis M  Corrigan BP  DeDecker JM  Curtis SE  Parr EN  Webel DM 《Journal of animal science》2003,81(4):836-842

The effect of reduced pig growth rate postweaning as a result of restricted floor space and feeder trough space on subsequent growth to slaughter was investigated in a wean-to-finish system. Crossbred pigs (n = 1,728) were used in a randomized block design with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: 1) floor space (high [0.630 m2/pig] vs. low floor space [0.315 m2/pig]), 2) feeder trough space (unrestricted [4 cm/pig] vs. restricted feeder trough space [2 cm/pig]), and 3) period of imposing floor- and feeder-trough-space treatments (12 vs. 14 wk postweaning). Growth performance was measured from weaning (5.5 +/- 0.01 kg of BW; 17 d of age) to slaughter (the end of wk 25 postweaning). From the end of the treatment period to the end of wk 25, pigs on all treatments had the same floor and feeder trough space. Pigs with low floor space had lower (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed ratio than those with high floor space, and were therefore lighter (P < 0.05) at the end of the postweaning treatment period. Pigs given the restricted feeder trough space had lower (P < 0.05) ADFI, similar (P > 0.05) ADG, and higher (P < 0.01) gain:feed ratio than those with unrestricted feeder trough space during the treatment period. Pigs in the 14-wk treatment period had higher (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI, but lower gain:feed than those in the 12-wk treatment during that period. In the subsequent period, from the end of treatment to wk 25, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between floor space and treatment period; the difference in ADG and gain:feed for pigs on low vs. high floor space was greater for the 14-wk than the 12-wk treatment period. However, low-floor-space pigs tended (P = 0.06) to be lighter than high-floor-space pigs at the end of wk 25 postweaning. Neither feeder trough space nor treatment period affected pig growth performance during the period from the end of treatment to wk 25. Carcass backfat and longissimus depths at the end of wk 25 were not influenced (P > 0.05) by treatment. In summary, pigs with restricted growth due to low floor space until either 12 or 14 wk postweaning had increased growth and feed efficiency in the subsequent period to wk 25 postweaning, with only a slight effect on BW and no effect on carcass measures.  相似文献   

Mitogenic responses of baboon (Papio cynocephalus) peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A possible role for monocytes     

D A Dalesandro  R T Damian 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1985,9(2):171-181

Removal of carbonyl iron-adherent/phagocytic cells from baboon peripheral blood mononuclear cells generally resulted in a depressed blastogenic response to both pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A. In the majority of cases, no alteration in dose requirement nor shift in kinetics was apparent. Staining for peroxidase activity indicated a reduced proportion of monocytes in the population of cells treated with iron. Therefore, the results of this study strongly suggest a potentiating role for monocytes in lectin stimulation of baboon lymphocytes.  相似文献   

Handling Alternative Dietary Requests from Pet Owners     

Jacqueline M. Parr  Rebecca L. Remillard 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2014

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Woodland habitat structures are affected by both agricultural land management and abiotic conditions     

Karen Ikin  Alessio Mortelliti  John Stein  Damian Michael  Mason Crane  Sachiko Okada  Jeff Wood  David Lindenmayer 《Landscape Ecology》2015,30(8):1387-1403

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Deep human genealogies reveal a selective advantage to be on an expanding wave front     

Moreau C  Bhérer C  Vézina H  Jomphe M  Labuda D  Excoffier L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6059):1148-1150

Since their origin, human populations have colonized the whole planet, but the demographic processes governing range expansions are mostly unknown. We analyzed the genealogy of more than one million individuals resulting from a range expansion in Quebec between 1686 and 1960 and reconstructed the spatial dynamics of the expansion. We find that a majority of the present Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean population can be traced back to ancestors having lived directly on or close to the wave front. Ancestors located on the front contributed significantly more to the current gene pool than those from the range core, likely due to a 20% larger effective fertility of women on the wave front. This fitness component is heritable on the wave front and not in the core, implying that this life-history trait evolves during range expansions.  相似文献   

Glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurons mediate anxiogenic and anxiolytic effects of CRHR1     

Refojo D  Schweizer M  Kuehne C  Ehrenberg S  Thoeringer C  Vogl AM  Dedic N  Schumacher M  von Wolff G  Avrabos C  Touma C  Engblom D  Schütz G  Nave KA  Eder M  Wotjak CT  Sillaber I  Holsboer F  Wurst W  Deussing JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6051):1903-1907

The corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) critically controls behavioral adaptation to stress and is causally linked to emotional disorders. Using neurochemical and genetic tools, we determined that CRHR1 is expressed in forebrain glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric acid-containing (GABAergic) neurons as well as in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Via specific CRHR1 deletions in glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic cells, we found that the lack of CRHR1 in forebrain glutamatergic circuits reduces anxiety and impairs neurotransmission in the amygdala and hippocampus. Selective deletion of CRHR1 in midbrain dopaminergic neurons increases anxiety-like behavior and reduces dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex. These results define a bidirectional model for the role of CRHR1 in anxiety and suggest that an imbalance between CRHR1-controlled anxiogenic glutamatergic and anxiolytic dopaminergic systems might lead to emotional disorders.  相似文献   

Experimental evidence supports a sex-specific selective sieve in mitochondrial genome evolution     

Innocenti P  Morrow EH  Dowling DK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6031):845-848

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