Nutrient intake of horses in Thoroughbred and Standardbred stables     

LL SOUTHWOOD  DL EVANS†  WL BRYDEN‡  RJ ROSE 《Australian veterinary journal》1993,70(5):164-168

SUMMARY Twenty-five Thoroughbred (TB) and 25 Standardbred (SB) stables were visited to determine their feeding practices. The ingredients of the main feed of the day for a mature gelding of average size in full training were weighed at each stable. Nutrient content of diets was calculated using published data for the individual ingredients. Results are expressed as mean±sd. The estimated body weight of TB horses was 493±34 kg and 437±32 kg for SB horses. There was considerable variation in diet composition and nutrient intake between stables. The TB trainers fed 11.0±2.4 kg and SB trainers 11.8±2.5 kg per day. The concentrate component of the diet weighed 7.8±1.6 and 7.7±2.3 kg for TB and SB stables, respectively, and the roughage component for TB horses 3.3±1.4 and SB horses 4.1±1.4 kg per day. The digestible energy intake of horses at TB stables was 129±29 MJ per day and at SB stables 132±31 MJ per day. Crude protein intake of TB horses was 1452±363 g and SB horses 1442±338 g per day. There were differences in some feeding practices at TB and SB stables. Standardbred trainers fed more roughage than TB trainers. Standardbred trainers fed chaffed lucerne (alfalfa) and cereal hays as the major roughage, whereas TB trainers fed more hay. The major hay type fed by TB trainers was lucerne, whereas many SB trainers preferred clover hay. Both trainers fed oats as the major grain, but TB trainers fed slightly more maize (corn) than SB trainers. The SB trainers fed barley as part of the concentrate component of the diet, whereas TB trainers usually fed boiled barley and linseed oil in winter only. Although many trainers used vitamin and mineral supplements, this appeared unnecessary in many Instances, especially with respect to Iron. Calcium and NaCI supplementation was necessary for some diets. We concluded that while there was a wide range in feed intake and diet composition for both TB and SB horses, average nutrient intakes were similar to National Research Council (1989) recommendations for horses performing intense work.  相似文献   

Hepatic vasculopathy and encephalopathy in Brahman-type calves     

PA GILL  WL TOWNSEND 《Australian veterinary journal》1993,70(2):69-69

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Heterosis retained in advanced generations of crosses among Angus and Hereford cattle     

R M Koch  G E Dickerson  L V Cundiff  K E Gregory 《Journal of animal science》1985,60(5):1117-1132

Data from 1,909 purebred, F1, backcross and F2 and F3 inter se combinations of Angus and Hereford were used to estimate average individual, maternal and grandmaternal genetic effects, individual and maternal heterosis, dominance and epistatic genetic effects. Models for evaluating heterosis and epistatic or recombination effects were discussed. Average individual effects indicate that Angus, compared with Hereford, had calves that were born earlier, had lighter birth weights, lower pre- and postweaning gains and lower pregnancy rates. Angus also produced lighter weight carcasses with more fat cover and marbling. Maternal effects of Angus were in the direction of reduced birth weight, greater calving ease, higher preweaning but lower postweaning growth rate and increased fatness when contrasted with Hereford. There was a tendency for opposite direction of maternal and grandmaternal effects for traits influenced by preweaning maternal environment. When additive X additive effects were ignored, total heterosis was significant for earlier day born, heavier birth weight, preweaning and postweaning gain, and heavier and fatter carcasses. Heterosis retained in F3 inter se vs F1 generation crosses indicated that net epistatic effects were relatively negligible for date of calving, birth weight, weaning gain and fat cover. There was a greater reduction of heterosis effects than expected from dominance alone for survival, pregnancy and marbling score. Loss of heterosis in F3 was less than expected for postweaning gain, carcass weight and rib eye area. Except for survival, pregnancy and marbling, these deviations from dominance expectations, or lack of them, are favorable for F3 composite populations.  相似文献   

Flor Revisited(Again):eQTL and Mutational Analysis of NB-LRR Mediated Immunity to Powdery Mildew in Barley     

Roger Wise  Priyanka Surana  Greg Fuerst  Ruo Xu  Divya Mistry  Julie Dickerson  Dan Nettleton 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2014,(2):237-243

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Osteodystrophy in a kitten     

ADJ WATSON  WL PORGES 《Australian veterinary journal》1997,75(1):16-16

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Uterine neoplasia in 13 cats.     

Margaret A Miller  José A Ramos-Vara  Mary F Dickerson  Gayle C Johnson  Lanny W Pace  John M Kreeger  Susan E Turnquist  James R Turk 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2003,15(6):515-522

Thirteen uterine tumors were diagnosed in 13 cats and accounted for 0.29% of all feline neoplasms received during a 9.6-year period. Age at diagnosis ranged from 3 to 16 years; median 9 years. Six were Domestic Shorthair cats, and 7 were purebred cats of 5 different breeds. Eight adenocarcinomas and 1 mixed Müllerian tumor (adenosarcoma) comprised the endometrial tumors. Myometrial tumors included 3 leiomyomas and 1 leiomyosarcoma. One of the adenocarcinomas developed in the uterine stump of an ovariohysterectomized cat; the other cats were sexually intact. Concurrent mammary adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 1 cat with uterine adenocarcinoma and in another with uterine leiomyoma. Tumors were discovered during elective ovariohysterectomy in 2 cats, but at least 3 others had experienced reproductive problems (infertility or pyometra). Five cats presented for abdominal or pelvic masses. Endometrial adenocarcinomas were positive immunohistochemically for cytokeratins and negative for smooth muscle actin (SMA): 1 of 6 cats was positive for vimentin and 4 of 8 were positive for estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha). Adenosarcoma stromal cells were positive for vimentin and ER alpha but negative for cytokeratins and SMA. Smooth muscle tumors were positive for vimentin and SMA and negative for cytokeratins. Leiomyomas, but not the leiomyosarcomas, were positive for ER alpha. Adenocarcinomas in 4 cats had metastasized by the time of ovariohysterectomy. Two other cats were euthanized 5 months after ovariohysterectomy; at least one of these cats had developed an abdominal mass that was not examined histologically. Only 2 cats with endometrial adenocarcinoma had disease-free intervals longer than 5 months after surgery. Metastasis was not detected in any mesenchymal tumor; however, these cats were either euthanized on discovery of the tumor or the tumor was first detected at necropsy.  相似文献   

Body composition and fasting heat production from birth to 14 months of age for three biological types of beef heifers.     

J F Baker  B A Buckley  G E Dickerson  J A Nienaber 《Journal of animal science》1991,69(11):4406-4418

Thirty heifers were randomly sampled at five ages from each of the Hereford, Charolais, and Simmental herds at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center to estimate association of fasting heat production (FHP) with body composition. Replicated measures of respiratory exchange were obtained for six heifers per breed at ages 2 d, 3 mo, 7 mo, 10 mo, and 14 mo using open-circuit calorimetry. Regression adjustment of FHP/live weight.75 to zero activity (AFHP) reduced the mean by 12% and variance among periods for the same animal by 42%. Daily AFHP (kcal/kg.75) was highest at 2 d (122), lowest at 10 mo (92) (P less than .01), and intermediate (103 to 106) at other ages and averaged 109, 106, and 102 for Charolais, Simmental and Hereford over all ages (P less than .05). Pooled within-age correlations of AFHP were .77 with weight of carcass (CAR) nonfat or water and .75 with live and empty body weight (EBW) but were only .13 with fat weight. Prediction of AFHP within age groups was most accurate from multiple regression on the nonfat weight in visceral organs and blood (VOB), gastrointestinal tract (GIF), head, hide, and shanks (HHS), and CAR fractions (R2 = 61%, error SD = 21.5), from regression on nonfat in CAR alone (60%, 21.6), or from regression on chemical components in each of the four fractions (59%, 22.0), relative to EBW (55%, 22.9) or its four chemical components (58%, 22.3). Partial regressions were largest for water or nonfat (P less than .01) and were negligible for fat. Importance in predicting AFHP was two to eight times greater for nonfat in CAR than in other fractions because CAR was 60 to 65% of EBW. Lean mass is clearly a major predictor of nutrient requirement that is useful to evaluate effects of body composition on the efficiency of beef production.  相似文献   

Simulation of life-cycle efficiency of lamb and wool production for genetic levels of component traits and alternative management options.     

C T Wang  G E Dickerson 《Journal of animal science》1991,69(11):4324-4337

A deterministic computer model was used to predict effects of genetic improvements in performance and of management options on life-cycle flock TDN input per unit of empty body weight (EBW) or carcass lean (CLN) equivalent value of market lamb, cull ewe, and wool output from a pure breeding system of sheep production for sheep fed to maintain normal weight. Relative values per kilogram for market lambs, cull ewes, and clean wool were 1 to .33 to 2.04 in lamb empty body equivalent, but 1 to .33 to 1 in lamb carcass lean equivalent. A 10% increase in lamb viability improved TDN/EBW or CLN by -15 to -20% for high to low lambing rates. Corresponding smaller gains were -7 to -11% for fertility, -3 to -13% for lambing rate, -1 to -3% for wool growth rate, -1 to -5% for milk production without creep feeding, -2 to -1% for mature size to about 70 kg, and -.6 to -.9% for precocity of fertility. Increasing leanness 10% improved TDN/CLN by -3 to -1% but increased TDN/EBW 3% because of higher maintenance requirements of leaner sheep. Higher protein requirements for increased lambing rate, milk production or leanness, or greater increases in non-feed than in feed costs, would mean only slightly less reduction of TDN/output than shown. Creep feeding was beneficial only for prolific, low-milking stock. Flushing reduced adverse effects of restricted feeding. Different values for wool vs meat or for costs of feed vs non-feed inputs would change results. These estimates for relative economic importance of traits apply to derivation of optimum criteria for selection among breeds or crosses, or within-breeds used in rotation crossbreeding, but would differ for specialized terminal-sire or maternal breed roles.  相似文献   

Thunderstorms: an important mechanism in the transport of air pollutants   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Dickerson RR  Huffman GJ  Luke WT  Nunnermacker LJ  Pickering KE  Leslie AC  Lindsey CG  Slinn WG  Kelly TJ  Daum PH  Delany AC  Greenberg JP  Zimmerman PR  Boatman JF  Ray JD  Stedman DH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,235(4787):460-465

Acid deposition and photochemical smog are urban air pollution problems, and they remain localized as long as the sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrocarbon pollutants are confined to the lower troposphere (below about 1-kilometer altitude) where they are short-lived. If, however, the contaminants are rapidly transported to the upper troposphere, then their atmospheric residence times grow and their range of influence expands dramatically. Although this vertical transport ameliorates some of the effects of acid rain by diluting atmospheric acids, it exacerbates global tropospheric ozone production by redistributing the necessary nitrogen catalysts. Results of recent computer simulations suggest that thunderstorms are one means of rapid vertical transport. To test this hypothesis, several research aircraft near a midwestern thunderstrom measured carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, ozone, and reactive nitrogen compounds. Their concentrations were much greater in the outflow region of the storm, up to 11 kilometers in altitude, than in surrounding air. Trace gas measurements can thus be used to track the motion of air in and around a cloud. Thunderstorms may transform local air pollution problems into regional or global atmospheric chemistry problems.  相似文献   

役馬的新飼養標準     

吳仲賢 《中国农业大学学报》1956,(2)

一.緒言現行的役馬飼養標準,為數甚多。由於工作的計算困難,大都祇對於某種農業情况,加以大約的估計,因此用量的大小極不一致,而又無適當可行的辦法加以比較,以便抉擇。此中情況,林敦氏(1950)有言,"最好的方法是按照下述的辦法來飼養,如感覺馬的體情退化則增加飼量,如馬有長肥的傾向則減少之"。同樣波波夫亦謂,"必須不斷地注意馬的體况,並根據觀察結果,經常調整馬的日糧"(1954)。似此,則役馬的飼養仍處於一種技術修養的狀態,談不到定額矣。本文的目的在提出一衡量工作的尺度,根據此尺度,測驗各家的標準,並從而求出一比較合理的標準,此標準不但要按照飼養乳牛的辦法,計役授糧,而且要應用簡便,易於實行。此外,不同輕重及種類的工作,經測定各種的常數以後,亦可以納入本方法之中,俟一一論及之。  相似文献