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Thuring CM Crowe MA McAllister H Earley B Roche JF Sweeney T 《The Veterinary record》2002,150(4):97-102
Tissue samples were collected postmortem from 126 sheep at five lymphoreticular sites by different techniques. The three most successful combinations of sites and techniques were: the third eyelids, using a forceps and scissors, which provided a mean (se) of 5.32 (0.70) lymphoid follicles per 5 microm tissue section, a mandibular lymph node, using a Biopty gun, which gave 1.19 (0.26) lymphoid follicles per 5 microm tissue section, and tonsil, using a biopsy forceps, which gave 1.14 (0.27) lymphoid follicles per 5 microm tissue section. These three techniques were repeated once a month for five months on five sheep under general anaesthesia, and their clinical effects were compared with five control sheep which were restrained and anaesthetised in the same way but from which no biopsies were taken. Most lymphoid follicles (3.47 [0.58] per 5 pm tissue section) were obtained by using the third eyelid biopsy technique. There were no clinical side effects associated with the biopsy procedure. There were increases in the plasma concentration of cortisol in all the animals, suggesting that the restraint and anaesthesia were more stressful than the biopsy procedure. 相似文献
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Personal and family backgrounds of first-year veterinary science students at The University of Queensland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
TJ HEATH 《Australian veterinary journal》1997,75(12):902-905
Objective To provide information on changes in the social and educational backgrounds of veterinary students over a 10 year period in an effort to determine the extent to which they are representative of the community.
Methods Questionnaires were completed by first-year veterinary students at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986 (152 students), and 1995 and 1996 (154), and the data were analysed using the SAS System for Windows.
Results The gender ratio of first-year veterinary students was 50:50 (male:female) in 1985 and 1986 but 10 years later it had changed to 38:62. In 1985 and 1986 77% had come directly from school, with 43% of the total coming from government schools, 17% from Catholic schools and 34% from other private (Independent) schools. A decade later the percentage coming directly from school had decreased to 40%, that from Independent schools increased to 45% and that from cities increased from 53% to 64%. The educational backgrounds of parents varied widely though a high percentage had university degrees; mothers had received less formal education than fathers, and the educational attainments of both parents were higher at the beginning than at the end of the study. More than half (57% initially; 67% 10 years later) the fathers were in professional or managerial occupations, and a similar number (50% initially; 48% 10 years later) of mothers were teachers, nurses or clerks. The number of males from country areas decreased from 26 to 16 over this period.
Conclusion These veterinary students differed from the community generally in that progressively more were female, more were from Independent schools, their parents had more formal education and more of their parents were in professional, managerial or clerical occupations. 相似文献
Methods Questionnaires were completed by first-year veterinary students at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986 (152 students), and 1995 and 1996 (154), and the data were analysed using the SAS System for Windows.
Results The gender ratio of first-year veterinary students was 50:50 (male:female) in 1985 and 1986 but 10 years later it had changed to 38:62. In 1985 and 1986 77% had come directly from school, with 43% of the total coming from government schools, 17% from Catholic schools and 34% from other private (Independent) schools. A decade later the percentage coming directly from school had decreased to 40%, that from Independent schools increased to 45% and that from cities increased from 53% to 64%. The educational backgrounds of parents varied widely though a high percentage had university degrees; mothers had received less formal education than fathers, and the educational attainments of both parents were higher at the beginning than at the end of the study. More than half (57% initially; 67% 10 years later) the fathers were in professional or managerial occupations, and a similar number (50% initially; 48% 10 years later) of mothers were teachers, nurses or clerks. The number of males from country areas decreased from 26 to 16 over this period.
Conclusion These veterinary students differed from the community generally in that progressively more were female, more were from Independent schools, their parents had more formal education and more of their parents were in professional, managerial or clerical occupations. 相似文献
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Buckham Sporer KR Burton JL Earley B Crowe MA 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2007,118(1-2):19-29
The transportation of beef cattle results in a stress response that is associated with increased susceptibility and severity of respiratory diseases, presumably due to an alteration in immune function. Neutrophils are phagocytic immune cells important in lung defense and are also targets of the stress response. The objective of this study was to determine if a 9h transportation of young bulls by road induced changes in the expression of candidate genes known to be important in neutrophil-mediated defense and inflammation in the lung. These neutrophil genes encompassed functions of apoptosis (A1 and Fas), tissue remodeling (MMP-9), vascular margination (L-selectin), bacterial killing (BPI), and wound healing (betaglycan), as well as responsiveness of the cells to stress-induced increases in glucocorticoid hormones (GRalpha). To explore gene expression changes, blood was collected, plasma harvested, and neutrophils isolated from six Belgian Blue x Friesian bulls (231+/-7.0 kg in weight; 282+/-4 days of age) at -24, 0, 4.5, 9.75, 14.25, 24, and 48h relative to commencement of a 9h road transportation by truck. Plasma cortisol concentrations were elevated at 4.5 and 9.75h, peaking at 50.64+/-4.46 ng/mL (P<0.0001) and confirming that the animals experienced stress. Blood neutrophil count was elevated between 4.5 and 14.25h (P<0.0001), reaching a peak that was over 3-fold higher than the -24h concentration. Neutrophil Fas gene expression was acutely down-regulated (P=0.02) by transportation stress, while expressions of MMP-9, l-selectin, and BPI were profoundly up-regulated (P=0.003, 0.002, and <0.001 respectively). However, no changes in neutrophil expressions of betaglycan, GRalpha, and A1 were detected. It is concluded that a 9h transportation of young bulls induces a gene expression signature in blood neutrophils that increases their circulating numbers and may enhance their pro-inflammatory and anti-bacterial potential. 相似文献
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Both pentaploid and haploid cells were observed in a short-term culture of bone marrow of a diploid-triploid frog chimera. Apparently, diploid and triploid marrow cells fused to form "hybrid" pentaploid cells, which subsequently gave rise by somatic reduction to haploid daughter cells. The hybrid marrow cells and their haploid segregants are presumably at a selective disadvantage, as neither type of cell has been detected in the circulating blood of chimeric frogs. 相似文献
7.
Scott L McGee P Minihan D Sheridan JJ Earley B Leonard N 《Veterinary microbiology》2006,114(3-4):331-336
The objectives of this study were to investigate the diversity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates obtained over a 3-month period from a cattle feedlot in order to assess the relationship between environmental and faecal isolates and to determine the pattern of transmission of E. coli O157:H7 between groups of cattle. Faecal samples were obtained from cattle housed in four adjacent feedlot pens at monthly intervals, with environmental pen samples collected simultaneously. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates obtained were examined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect eaeA, ehxA, stx1 and stx2 genes and antibiotic sensitivity profiling. Ten isolates were subjected to acid shock to imitate conditions in the acidic cattle abomasum and assess the effect on PFGE profiles. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 69 faecal samples and 26 environmental samples. All isolates (n=95) carried the genes for eaeA, ehxA and stx2 and were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. The PFGE profiles of all isolates differed by no more than two bands and clustered within 80% similarity following dendrogram analysis. Acid shock had no effect on the subsequent PFGE patterns. A total of 8.7% (6/69) of cattle were shedding E. coli O157:H7 in the first month with faecal shedding increasing to 52% (36/69) by the third month of the study. A single isolate of E. coli O157:H7 may be passed rapidly through cattle pens, with the environment acting as a significant reservoir for transmission. PFGE is a useful tool for tracking the direct and indirect transmission of E. coli O157:H7 isolates on the farm. 相似文献
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This study tested the hypotheses that: (1) either acute stress induced by Burdizzo castration, or cortisol infusion would modulate plasma glucose, insulin and growth hormone (GH) concentrations; and (2) immune modulation induced by cortisol would be dependent on the pattern, intensity and duration of circulating cortisol concentrations. Fifty 9.2-month-old Holstein×Friesian bulls (232±2.0 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of five treatments (n=10 per treatment): (1) sham handled control; (2) Burdizzo castration; (3) hydrocortisone infusion to mimic the castration-induced secretion pattern of cortisol; (4) hourly pulse infusion of hydrocortisone; and (5) sustained infusion of hydrocortisone for 8 h. Blood samples were collected intensively on day 0, and weekly from days 1 to 35. Castration acutely increased plasma cortisol, GH and haptoglobin concentrations, suppressed lymphocyte in vitro interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, but had no effect on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Cortisol infusion to simulate the castration-induced secretion pattern of cortisol, and pulse infusion of cortisol did not suppress the IFN-γ production. A sustained infusion of cortisol resulted in the transient suppression of IFN-γ production. Moreover, the sustained cortisol infusion resulted in increased plasma glucose, insulin and GH concentrations. The overall 14-day feed intakes and 35-day growth rates were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, cortisol infusion to induce immune suppression in vivo occurred only at pharmacological doses. Within physiological ranges, cortisol was not associated with the suppression of immune function, indicating that during castration cortisol per se is not responsible for the suppression of in vitro IFN-γ production. 相似文献
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Genetically engineered (GE) animals are likely to have an important role in the future in meeting the food demand of a burgeoning global population. There have already been many notable achievements using this technology in livestock, poultry and aquatic species. In particular, the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to produce virus‐resistant animals is a rapidly‐developing area of research. However, despite the promise of this technology, very few GE animals have been commercialised. This review aims to provide information so that veterinarians and animal health scientists are better able to participate in the debate on GE animals. 相似文献