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Funk  Fabricius  R. Lrendelenburg  B. Mantel  Dr. Rohmeder  K. Escherich  Lukinger 《European Journal of Forest Research》1940,62(8):182-187

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Evaluation of stocking density and subtherapeutic chlortetracycline on Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica shedding in growing swine     

Funk J  Wittum TE  LeJeune JT  Rajala-Schultz PJ  Bowman A  Mack A 《Veterinary microbiology》2007,124(3-4):202-208

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of stocking density and inclusion of subtherapeutic chlortetracycline in the diet on Salmonella fecal prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in growing swine. A 2 x 2 factorial design was employed on a privately owned commercial swine farm. Four finisher rooms were included in the study. Two of the rooms received 50 g/tonnes of chlortetracycline in the ration, two rooms received no antimicrobials in the feed. In each room, alternate pens were assigned to either high stocking density (0.60 m2/pig) or low stocking density (0.74 m2/pig). Pigs were placed in the finisher rooms at 10 weeks of age and followed for 6 weeks. Individual fecal samples were collected from the floors of each pen and cultured once weekly. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were determined. Data were analyzed using multilevel, multivariable logistic regression. Pigs fed chlortetracycline were at increased odds (OR 6.88, 95% CI 2.77-17.12) to shed Salmonellae. No other associations between treatments (CTC and stocking density) and Salmonella prevalence or reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials were identified. Variance in the odds of a fecal sample to be positive was distributed mostly at the lowest level, the individual fecal sample. The increased risk of shedding associated with inclusion of subtherapeutic chlortetracycline in swine diets is discordant with previous results by our group, suggesting farm or strain specific factors may impact this association. Understanding this risk may provide a potential intervention for controlling Salmonella pre-harvest.  相似文献   

环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex的田间原位测定研究     

李勇  李俊杰  Roger Funk  李璐  张晴雯 《核农学报》2007,21(6):612-617

原位现场γ谱仪具有快速准确监测土壤中环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex的潜力,可以解决传统环境放射性核素示踪土壤侵蚀在选择参考点和测定时间过长问题。本研究应用现场γ谱仪(ISOCS,In-situObject Counting System),对内蒙古锡林浩特草原土壤中137Cs和210Pbex的含量进行了田间原位(不采样)测定,并与室内γ谱仪测定结果进行了比对。结果显示:现场γ谱仪的探头离地面1m,采用90度准直器,测量时间保证3600s以上时,测定的土壤中137Cs面积浓度与室内测定结果一致,二者的平均偏差为8%,表明现场γ谱仪测定具有较高精度,是快速评价土壤侵蚀速率的有效技术;210Pbex的原位测定结果显著高于室内测定结果,可能由于测定时间较短所致。初步研究结果表明:原位测定具有时间短、精度高的优点,可以克服传统采样造成的空间变异误差。  相似文献   

Risk factors associated with Salmonella enterica prevalence in three-site swine production systems in North Carolina, USA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Funk JA  Davies PR  Gebreyes W 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2001,114(9-10):335-338

The goal of this study was to identify risk factors associated with increased fecal shedding of Salmonella enterica (SE) in groups of market swine reared in large three-site production units. We conducted an intensive, long-term investigation of potential management and environmental risk factors operating during the growing phase of pig production. Data regarding finisher site characteristics, biosecurity protocols, group growth performance, medication usage, and environmental temperature were collected. Results indicate that SE infection is common. Risk factors were identified at both the finisher site and group level. Biosecurity and hygiene practices (absence of a toilet, more than 2 people present at a finisher site daily, and other domestic species at the site), environmental temperature (winter and spring seasons, increased temperature variability, and below median high temperature the day of sampling), and production performance (above median feed conversion) were associated with elevated SE prevalence. In addition, an association between the floor space allowances per pig at the time of sampling (a measure of the number of pigs sold prior to sampling) was identified, with greater space allowance associated with decreased prevalence. The results of this study identify potential management practices for evaluation for SE control and suggest caution in interpretation of fecal culture results when sampling from different marketing groups in swine production systems.  相似文献   

In vitro antimicrobial inhibition profiles of Mycoplasma bovis isolates recovered from various regions of the United States from 2002 to 2003.     

Ricardo F Rosenbusch  Joann M Kinyon  Michael Apley  Nathan D Funk  Sean Smith  Lorraine J Hoffman 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2005,17(5):436-441

Antimicrobial therapy continues to be important in reducing losses due to pneumonic forms of Mycoplasma bovis disease in beef and dairy calves. Although M. bovis diseases have been documented as frequent and economically important in the United States, there are no published reports on the antimicrobial activity of approved compounds against US strains. In this study, the authors report on the activity of 9 different antimicrobials against 223 recently recovered isolates of M. bovis. These isolates represent accessions from 5 geographic regions of the United States and were grouped by 4 tissues of origin (milk, respiratory, joint, or ear and eye). A broth microdilution test was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by reading redox changes detected in broth with alamarBlue (resazurin) indicator. For each antimicrobial, the median, MIC50, MIC90, mode, and range were calculated, and the values used for comparisons. In the absence of accepted breakpoint values, published MIC cutoff values for animal mycoplasmas as well as Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute interpretive criteria were used as a reference to define in vitro activity. The MIC values from active antimicrobials were found to distribute independently of region of origin of the isolates or of tissue of origin. Enrofloxacin, florfenicol, and spectinomycin were found to be active compounds in vitro. Oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline were active against more than half of the isolates. Very few isolates were inhibited by tilmicosin and none by erythromycin, ampicillin, or ceftiofur. The antimicrobial profiles determined for these US strains were remarkably similar to those reported for European isolates. However, unlike in Europe, there appears to be no diversity of profiles when US isolates are grouped by region or tissue of origin.  相似文献   

Binding of ciprofloxacin labelled with technetium Tc 99m versus 99mTc-pertechnetate to a live and killed equine isolate of Escherichia coli          下载免费PDF全文

Kate Alexander  Wm. Tod Drost  John S. Mattoon  Joseph J. Kowalski  Julie A. Funk    Amanda C. Crabtree 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2005,69(4):272-277

This paper describes a simple methodology for evaluating the bacterial binding of ciprofloxacin labelled with technetium Tc 99m. Using this methodology, the binding of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin by live Escherichia coli was compared with the binding of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin by killed E. coli and the binding of 99mTc-pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) by live E. coli. The antimicrobial effect of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin on E. coli was evaluated. Four groups were defined: live E. coli with 99mTc-ciprofloxacin, live E. coli with 99mTcO4 , killed E. coli with 99mTc-ciprofloxacin, and killed E. coli with 99mTcO4-. After 0, 2, and 4 h of incubation of 1 x 10(8) colony-forming units of E. coli suspended in 5 mL of sterile distilled water with 1.85 MBq of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin or 99mTcO4, 1 mL from each sample was centrifuged. The radioactivity of the bacterial pellet and that of the supernatant were measured separately, and the percentage of sample radioactivity attributable to bacterial binding was calculated. Of the 99mTc-ciprofloxacin, 3.6% to 5.9% was bound to live or killed E. coli; only 0.1% to 0.2% of the 99mTcO4- was bound to live E. coli (P < 0.0001). No significant difference in 99mTc-ciprofloxacin binding was found between live and killed E. coli (P = 0.887). An antimicrobial effect on E. coli was seen with 99mTc-ciprofloxacin: colony counts were reduced after 4 h. The small amount of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin binding and the lack of difference in binding between live and killed E. coli may limit the utility of this methodology in evaluating the presence of E. coli infection.  相似文献   

Influence of different tumour types on natural cytotoxicity (NK cell activity) and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in isolated blood lymphocytes from 110 dogs with tumours     

Funk J  Schmitz G  Bach U  Failing K  Burkhardt E 《Research in veterinary science》2003,74(2):129-135

The cell-mediated immune response of blood lymphocytes from 110 untreated dogs with different tumours was evaluated. The influence of different tumour types on the cellular immune system was examined by assessing the percentage of isolated large granular lymphocytes (LGL), in vitro natural cytotoxicity and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Although the overall natural cytotoxicity of dogs with different tumours was decreased, the overall difference from control values was not statistically significant. However, mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was significantly depressed in dogs with tumours in comparison with the controls. Dogs with mammary carcinomas showed significantly lower natural cytotoxicity than controls and dogs with myeloid neoplasms showed significantly lower mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Abnormalities exist not only in natural cytotoxicity but also in mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. For the dog, this is the first study to assess the influence of different tumours using a combined evaluation of natural cytotoxicity and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in such a large number of animals.  相似文献   

牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病灭活疫苗的制备     

曾群辉  朱国玉  索朗斯珠  旦巴次仁  布旺堆 《中国兽药杂志》2007,41(9):24-26

用本实验室分离鉴定的致病性牦牛大肠埃希氏菌，按常规方法制备了4批氢氧化铝胶灭活疫苗。对牦牛大肠埃希氏菌的菌液培养、纯粹检验、活菌计数、灭活等进行了探索，并对用该菌研制成的疫苗进行了常规检验。结果4批灭活疫苗经无菌检验为阴性；经物理性状检验为：静置后上层是淡黄色的澄明液体，下层为灰白色沉淀，振荡后呈均匀混浊液；经牦牛安全检验结果为安全；经牦牛效力试验有效。牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病灭活疫苗为免疫预防该病打下了良好的基础。  相似文献   

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NOTES     

Funk C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1926,63(1633):401-402

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THE VITAMINE REQUIREMENTS OF THE RAT ON DIETS RICH IN PROTEIN,CARBOHYDRATE, AND FAT RESPECTIVELY     

Funk C  Dubin HE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1920,52(1349):447-448

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