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Moses LE Brody RA Holsti OR Kadane JB Milstein JS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,156(3778):1054-1059
We conclude (i) that the marker-card method is as reliable a measure as the ordinary Q-sort method; (ii) that Q and the marker-card score are measuring very nearly the same thing-in this case, presumably conflict; and (iii) that the use of marker cards permits comparison of judgments about a given quantity in the context of different situations and may even permit comparison of results obtained by different research teams if the different teams use the same marker decks. A fundamental issue involved in scoring the entries on the cards in this study by either Q-sort or marker cards is the "judgability" of the items as indicators of conflict. We noted above that items with the highest variances in scoring, from judge to judge, were concentrated at the low-conflict end of the scale. A possible explanation is that judges are able to make finer distinctions concerning an attribute when it is present than when it is absent. Differences in scoring could also arise from a lack of unidimensionality in the attribute being scaled. If juidges find that conflict has several distinct aspects, the task of placing items in a single order becomes more difficult. Difficulties in making judgments also arose from the fact that the actions were being judged out of context, or in contexts that varied from judge to judge, since no standard context was supplied. But these difficulties lie outside our problem, which was to find an alternative to Q-sorting which would permit intersituational comparisons. Our sLIccess in finding an alternative is apparent in our results, but problems of judgability remain with both techniques. Beyond providing a standard for intersitLiational comparisons, the markercard technique has other advantages. It is possible that the use of marker decks will be of help in training judges to score such a variable as conflict. In our study it permitted identification of a judge inadequately trained to do so. Possibly the marker cards will be useful in assigning scale values to hatches of data too small for Q-sort, or even to individual items. It further appears that the marker cards should be useful in discriminating among highconflict items which heretofore would all have tended to appear in the top Q-sort category. The marker-card technique has given us a reliable alternative to Q-sort for scaling conflict. The method should be capable of extension to dimensions other than conflict. 相似文献
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An extradural chondroma originating in the cervical spine was diagnosed in an 8-year-old, intact male Chow-Chow that presented acute cervical pain and chronic right thoracic limb lameness. Myelographic images were within normal limits. With magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, an extradural mass was identified at the level of the C4-C5 vertebrae. This mass was excised, and the histologic diagnosis was chondroma. Fifteen months after surgery, the dog was clinically normal, and no regrowth of the mass was identified on follow-up MR images. Spinal chondromas are rare tumors in the dog, but should be considered as a rule out for contrast-enhancing extradural vertebral masses. 相似文献
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Banu Dokuzeylül Beren Ba?aran Kahraman Alper Bayrakal Belgi Diren Si?irci Baran ?elik Serkan Ikiz Abdullah Kayar M Erman OR 《Irish veterinary journal》2015,68(1)
Background
The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial species recovered from 61 cats with lower urinary tract infection (LUTI), and their susceptibility to cefovecin in vitro.Results
The clinical signs and final clinical diagnosis for cats with confirmed LUTI were also reported. After physical examination of the cats, urine samples including ≥5-6 leucocytes in microscopic evaluation were cultured using bacteriological techniques. The isolates were identified by conventional microbiological methods and tested for in vitro susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Bacterial growth was observed in 16 of 61 urine samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that 13 of 16 (81%) isolates were susceptible to cefovecin. The most frequently isolated bacterium from cats with signs of lower urinary tract infection, was Escherichia coli.Conclusion
Cefovecin was found to be effective in cats with LUTI. Because cefovecin is a new antimicrobial agent in veterinary medicine, there are only few studies about urine culture of cats with LUTI. It is the first study on in vitro activity of cefovecin against bacterial isolates from cats with lower urinary infections in Istanbul, Turkey. 相似文献4.
温度对荔枝开花的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
低温能促进荔枝（LitchichinestsSonn．）开花,但是成功诱导开花的临界温度和所需低温量并不清楚。研究了最高温／最低温：15°／5°,20°／5°,20°／10°,20°／15°,25°／10°,25°／15°,25°／20°和30°／20℃8个温度处理对KwaiMayPink荔枝和Casino荔枝营养生长和开花的影响。在第2个试验中,WaiChee荔枝在转移到无诱导条件的30°／20℃温度前,分别给予0,2,4,6,8,10和31周的15℃低温诱导。在第3个试验中．WaiChee荔枝生长温度为15℃时,每24小时内给予高于20℃的温度处理时间分别为0,1,2和8h（15℃以上分别为0,2,4和15h）。在第1个试验中,KwaiMayPink的营养生长温度为25°／20℃和30°／20℃,温度为25°／10℃和25°／15℃时,既有营养生长,又有花穗发育,较低的温度更利于开花。Casino荔枝除了在25°／10℃和25°／15℃的温度条件下既无营养生长,也无花穗发育外,其余处理的反映和KwaiMayPink荔枝类似。对2个荔枝品种而言,在20°／15℃和更低的温度时,几乎所有枝条都开了花。‘WaiChee’荔枝成花诱导条件为在转移到高温条件下之前,保持15℃的低温4周,最长6周。低温时间的长短还影响花穗的类型,15℃的低温诱导10周后,‘WaiChee’荔枝几乎无有叶花穗。保持15℃的低温 相似文献
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Fifteen controlled field trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes and safety of ivermectin when applied topically to cattle in Australia. Three hundred and fifty-one cattle received ivermectin, and 88 were untreated controls. The trials were conducted in 3 States and included a variety of cattle breeds and environmental conditions. Faecal samples were collected before treatment and 11 to 14 days after treatment for nematode egg counts. Data from these trials show that under Australian conditions, ivermectin applied along the mid line of the back from the withers to the sacral region at a dose rate of 500 mcg/kg body weight, effectively controlled gastrointestinal nematode infections, and did not produce unacceptable adverse reactions in the animals. 相似文献
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ABDULLAH KAYAR REMZ&#; GONUL MEHMET ERMAN OR ABDULKAD&#;R UYSAL 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2006,47(5):482-486
M-mode echocardiographic measurements were made from 50 healthy German Shepherd dogs (30 males and 20 females). The dogs were awake and unsedated, in right lateral recumbent position. The following parameters were measured on the echocardiographic images: interventricular septal thickness at end-diastole (IVSd), interventricular septal thickness at end-systole (IVSs), left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular internal dimension at end-systole (LVIDs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole (LVPWd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-systole (LVPWs), left atrial dimension (LAD), aortic root dimension (AOD), left atrial to aortic root ratio (LAD/AOD), right ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole (RVID), amplitude of mitral valve excursion (DE amplitude), velocity of mitral valve opening (D-E slope), and velocity of mitral valve closure (E-F slope). Fractional shortening (FS) was also calculated. The effect of gender and age on each echocardiographic parameter was analyzed and the relationship between body weight (BW) and each parameter was also investigated. There was a significant relationship between gender and LVPW in systole and diastole and FS. Significant association was also found between BW and IVS, LVID, and LVPW in systole and diastole, FS, LAD, AOD, RVID, DE amplitude, and D-E slope of the mitral valve. 相似文献
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