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Huzella LM Buckley MJ Alves DA Stiles BG Krakauer T 《Research in veterinary science》2009,86(2):241-247
Murine models for bacterial superantigens like staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) have to date been rather cumbersome. The reasons include: (1) necessary use of potentiating agents such as actinomycin D, d-galactosamine, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or viruses; (2) high toxin amounts required to elicit effects; and/or (3) generation of phenotypic-stable transgenic animals. Our study employed readily available C3H/HeJ (TLR4 negative, LPS-nonresponsive) mice with intranasal and intraperitoneal administration of low microgram quantities of SEB. These animals responded to SEB with severe lung inflammation and hypothermia, culminating in death. A survey of cytokines/chemokines in sera and lungs after lethal intoxication revealed that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-2 were associated with effects in this model. In contrast, SEB had minimal effects upon congenic (TLR4 positive, LPS-responsive) C3H/OuJ mice. Lethality of SEB in C3H/HeJ mice was neutralized with SEB-specific antibodies, suggesting potential utility of this model for future therapeutic studies. 相似文献
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S Houweling B Badawy DF Baker S Basu D Belikov P Bergamaschi P Bousquet G Broquet T Butler JG Canadell J Chen F Chevallier P Ciais GJ Collatz S Denning R Engelen IG Enting ML Fischer A Fraser C Gerbig M Gloor AR Jacobson DB Jones M Heimann A Khalil T Kaminski PS Kasibhatla NY Krakauer M Krol T Maki S Maksyutov A Manning A Meesters JB Miller PI Palmer P Patra W Peters P Peylin Z Poussi MJ Prather JT Randerson T Röckmann C Rödenbeck JL Sarmiento DS Schimel M Scholze A Schuh P Suntharalingam 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6098):1038-1040
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In order to design effective conservation measures for the orangutan, accurate information on their distribution and densities are needed. Nest counts along line transects allow for fairly accurate assessment of orangutan density. However, large sample sizes are needed to obtain accurate estimations of the decay rate of nests, preventing a rapid estimate. Moreover, due to the structure of tropical forests, nest numbers above and near the trail are underestimated. In this study, a rapid assessment method for the estimation of orangutan density is developed, allowing for the estimation of density with a single survey. Procedures are provided for estimating a correction factor which adjusts for underestimating nest numbers near the transect trail. Furthermore, we provide a shortcut to rapidly assess nest decay rate without the need for consecutive surveys. Finally, recommendations are made for determining orangutan density using two different techniques. These techniques incorporate correction factors and a shortcut to accurately assess orangutan density with only one or two visits to an area. 相似文献
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Evaluation of drug efficacy for human diseases is routinely performed in animal models for efficiency and in accordance with FDA regulations. Rhesus macaques have been used as models for various lethal diseases and correlates of immunity, as nonhuman primates (NHP) closely resemble humans. We examined the ex vivo cytokine response of superantigen-stimulated whole-blood cells as a first step to therapeutic efficacy testing for bacterial superantigen-induced shock in NHP after oral dosing of pentoxifylline. Doses of 120mg/kg of pentoxifylline effectively attenuated staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), gamma interferon (IFNgamma) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) in ex vivo culture of NHP whole-blood cells by 88%, 81%, and 76%, respectively, whereas lower doses of 48 or 72mg/kg had no inhibitory effect. Thus cytokine release of stimulated peripheral blood cells provides a convenient biological measurement of the anti-inflammatory potency of pentoxifylline and has the advantage of assessing functional responses to a specific biotoxin of interest. 相似文献
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VL Grillo KE Arzey PM Hansbro AC Hurt S Warner J Bergfeld GW Burgess B Cookson CJ Dickason M Ferenczi T Hollingsworth MDA Hoque RB Jackson M Klaassen PD Kirkland NY Kung S Lisovski MA O'Dea K O'Riley D Roshier LF Skerratt JP Tracey X Wang R Woods L Post 《Australian veterinary journal》2015,93(11):387-393
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Lymphocyte stimulation: selective destruction of cells during blastogenic response to transplantation antigens 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
The blastogenic response of human lymphoid cells toward any individual's transplantation antigens can be deleted by the addition of tritiated thymidine of high specific activity during the incubation of the lymphoid cells in mixed leukocyte culture. After the immunocompetent clones which responded to histocompatibility antigens had been destroyed, the remaining population still retained its capacity to respond to unrelated antigens, including other transplantation antigens. 相似文献
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Recent experimental results are beginning to limit seriously the theories that can be considered to explain high-temperature superconductivity. The unmistakable observations of a Fermi surface, by several groups and methods, make it the focus of realistic theories of the metallic phases. Data from angle-resolved photoemission, positron annihilaton, and de Haas-van Alphen experiments are in agreement with band theory predictions, implying that the metallic phases cannot be pictured as doped insulators. The character of the low energy excitations ("quasiparticles"), which interact strongly with atomic motions, with magnetic fluctuations, and possibly with charge fluctuations, must be sorted out before the superconducting pairing mechanism can be given a microscopic basis. 相似文献
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