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Comparison of Plasma Fentanyl Concentrations by Using Three Transdermal Fentanyl Patch Sizes in Dogs
CHRISTINE M. EGGER DVM MVSC TANYA DUKE BVetMed DVA Diplomate ACVA JOY ARCHER DVM PhD Diplomate ACVP PETER H. CRIBB BSc MRCVS Diplomate ACVA 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1998,27(2):159-166
Objective—To compare plasma fentanyl concentrations attained after the application of three transdermal fentanyl patch sizes (50, 75, and 100 μg/hour) in dogs. Design—Repeated Latin square controlled study. Animals—Six intact, mixed-breed adult dogs (2 males, 4 females) weighing 19.9 ± 3.4 kg. Methods—Each dog was randomly assigned to receive each of three treatments: 50 (P50), 75 (P75), or 100 (P100) μg/hour transdermal patches. Patches were left in place for 72 hours. Jugular venous blood was collected at 1,2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after patch application and for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours after patch removal. Plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured using a radioimmunoassay technique. After a 96-hour washout period, each dog was moved to another treatment group and received a different patch size. Results—The following results were obtained (mean ± SD): average plasma fentanyl concentration from 24 to 72 hours, 0.7 ± 0.2 ng/mL (P50), 1.4 ± 0.5 ng/mL (P75), 1.2 ± 0.5 ng/mL (P100); the total area under the concentration versus time curve (0 hours to infinity), 46 ± 12.2 ng/h/mL (P50), 101.2 ± 41.4 ng/h/mL (P75), 80.4 ± 38.3 ng/h/mL (P100); and the apparent elimination half-life, 3.6 ± 1.2 hours (P50), 3.4 ± 2.7 hours (P75), and 2.5 ± 2.0 hours (P100). There was a high degree of variability in plasma fentanyl concentrations achieved. Plasma fentanyl concentrations declined rapidly after patch removal. Conclusions—The attainment of steady-state plasma concentrations takes up to 24 hours, and there is a great deal of variability in the final concentrations reached in different individuals. In this study, the 100 μg/hour patches did not provide statistically increased plasma concentrations when compared with the 50 μg/hour patches. Clinical Relevance—Because of the interindividual and intraindividual variation in plasma fentanyl concentrations, patches should be applied 24 hours before the anticipated time that analgesia will be required. Adequacy of analgesia and potentially deleterious side effects, such as sedation and respiratory depression, should be monitored while the patches are in place. Skin reactions may occur, and the patches should be removed if such skin irritation is seen. After the patch is removed, it is expected that analgesia will wane rapidly because of the brief elimination half-life. 相似文献
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CHRISTINE L. THEORET DVM MSc SPENCER M. BARBER DVM Diplomate ACVS TERENCE MOYANA MD FRCPC Diplomate ABPath HUGH G.G. TOWNSEND BSc DVM MSc JOY F. ARCHER VMD MSc PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1996,25(2):142-153
The reparative ability of equine synovium was determined by gross, histological, and ultrastructural examination. The functional potential of the synovium was estimated by examination of synovial cell organelles with transmission electron microscopy. Results from rested and exercised horses were compared to determine the effect of exercise on synovial healing. The response of the synovectomized joint to exercise was evaluated with a standardized lameness examination and by gross, histological, and histochemical observations of the articular cartilage. A 7-mm diameter motorized synovial resector was used to perform a subtotal synovectomy in 1 antebrachiocarpal joint of each of 8 horses; the contralateral joint served as a control. After 2 months rest, four randomly selected horses were rigorously exercised for the remainder of the study; the other four horses continued paddock rest. Lameness examinations and synovial fluid analyses were conducted at 0, 2, 30, 60, and 120 days. Synovium and articular cartilage from all horses were examined at necropsy at 120 days. None of the horses were lame during the study, and a transient synovitis occurred in the synovectomized joints. The hyaluronan concentration of treated joints decreased at 2 days but returned to normal by 60 days. Synovial fluid composition, including hyaluronan concentration, was unchanged by exercise. Significant cartilage damage was not observed in any of the joints. At 120 days, the healing synovium was devoid of villi and its subintima was fibrotic, however transmission electron microscopy confirmed that an intimal layer was present within the repair tissue. The cells within the repair tissue appeared actively engaged in both synthesis and phagocytosis. Exercise did not modify any of these findings. The results of this study suggest that 120 days after subtotal synovectomy, the joint environment was maintained and the resected synovium had evidence of restoration and increased metabolic potential. Synovectomized joints withstood exercise but synovial repair was not accelerated by exercise. 相似文献
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Caudal Sartorius Muscle Flap in the Dog 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. JOY WEINSTEIN vmd MICHAEL M. PAVLETIC dvm Diplomateacvs RANDY J. BOUDRIEAU dvm Diplomateacvs 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1988,17(4):203-210
An anatomic study was performed on canine cadavers to define the blood supply to the caudal sartorius muscle. The vascular supply to this muscle was segmental with the saphenous artery and vein providing a distal vascular pedicle. Anastomotic channels existed between distal and proximal capillary beds within the muscle belly. This anatomic information was used to determine the feasibility of performing caudal sartorius muscle flaps in dogs. The caudal sartorius muscle was transposed to the medial tibial region in four dogs. The muscle flap was based on a singular vascular pedicle of the saphenous artery and vein. The muscle transpositions were all successful on day 14 as evidenced by gross appearance and results of histologic examination. Grossly, the muscles were well adhered to the recipient sites and were covered by connective tissue. Histologically, the specimens were characterized by viable skeletal muscle fibers, large amounts of granulation tissue, varying degrees of inflammatory response, and small foci of myocyte necrosis (2 cases). Seroma formation was a consistent postoperative complication. 相似文献
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Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na in perennial ryegrass and white clover leaves of different ages 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Leaf blades of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) at five developmental stages, from unemerged to dead, were collected from cut swards grown under field conditions. Similarly, leaflets of white clover ( Trifolium repens ) at four developmental stages, from tightly folded to proximal to the youngest fully developed leaf, were collected. The leaves were analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na.
In perennial ryegrass, the concentration of N declined by about half and those of P and K declined by about two-thirds, as leaves aged. By contrast, the concentration of Ca increased more than fivefold and that of Mg about twofold as leaves aged. The concentration of Na initially increased more than twofold but then declined as leaves died. In white clover the concentration of N declined by about 20% as leaves aged, while the concentrations of P and K declined by about 50%; the concentration of Ca increased about fivefold, that of Mg declined by about 15% and that of Na increased by about 15%.
The application of N increased the concentrations of N and K in ryegrass leaf blades at all stages of development. The application of P increased the concentrations of P and Na in the leaves of both species. 相似文献
In perennial ryegrass, the concentration of N declined by about half and those of P and K declined by about two-thirds, as leaves aged. By contrast, the concentration of Ca increased more than fivefold and that of Mg about twofold as leaves aged. The concentration of Na initially increased more than twofold but then declined as leaves died. In white clover the concentration of N declined by about 20% as leaves aged, while the concentrations of P and K declined by about 50%; the concentration of Ca increased about fivefold, that of Mg declined by about 15% and that of Na increased by about 15%.
The application of N increased the concentrations of N and K in ryegrass leaf blades at all stages of development. The application of P increased the concentrations of P and Na in the leaves of both species. 相似文献
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JILL L. SAMMARCO BVSc MICHAEL G. CONZEMIUS DVM SANDRA Z. PERKOWSKI VMD PhD M. JOY WEINSTEIN VMD Diplomate ACVS THOMAS P. GREGOR BSc GAIL K. SMITH VMD PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1996,25(1):59-69
A prospective study was undertaken to compare the analgesic effect of intra-articular bupivacaine, morphine, or saline in the 24-hour period following cranial cruciate ligament repair in dogs. Thirty-six clinical patients with ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments were randomly assigned to one of three groups. After surgical stabilization, and before skin closure, an intra-articular injection was given; group one (n = 12) received 0.5% bupivacaine HCl at 0.5 mL/kg, group two (n = 12) received morphine at 0.1 mg/kg diluted with saline to a volume of 0.5 mL/kg, and group three (n = 12) received saline at 0.5 mL/kg. Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cumulative pain score, visual analog pain score, and pain threshold test on both stifles were recorded preoperatively and at 0 to 6 and 24 hours postoperatively. Surgeons and pain scoring investigators were unaware of the intra-articular medication given. Supplemental analgesia, if needed, was provided in the postoperative period according to subjective assessment of patient discomfort. Postoperative pain scores were lowest in the bupivacaine group and highest in the saline group. Pain threshold, measured by applying calibrated loads to the knee, was higher postoperatively in the bupivacaine group than in the saline group. Dogs in the morphine and bupivacaine groups required less supplemental analgesia than dogs in the saline group. The local provision of analgesia reduces the need for systemic drugs with potential side effects. Both intra-articular morphine and intra-articular bupivacaine provided better postoperative analgesia than intra-articular saline, with intra-articular bupivacaine showing the greatest effect. 相似文献
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Forest soil acidification has been reported to cause reduced forest productivity and decline of some tree species. Soil acidification may cause increased bioavailability of Al and Mn, which are potentially phytotoxic. In an attempt to measure whether or not Pennsylvania forest soils have become more acidic, soil samples were collected at 11 undisturbed forested sites in Pennsylvania in 1993. Limited soil chemistry data obtained through 4 previous studies conducted between 1957 and 1979 were available for each site. Soil pH and concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg were measured; results were compared to those obtained in earlier studies. Soil exchangeable Al concentrations were determined for 6 sites for which previous data were available. Chemical analysis methods were evaluated to ensure that methods used in 1993 were comparable to those of the original investigators. Mean pH and exchangeable Mg declined most consistently over the study period in the O horizon and the uppermost A horizon. Mean exchangeable AI decreased in the O horizon and increased in the A horizon. Given the high sulfate and nitrate deposition loads in Pennsylvania, it seems likely that the observed changes are at least in part a consequence of acidic deposition. 相似文献
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Cranial Sartorius Muscle Flap in the Dog 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. JOY WEINSTEIN VMD MICHAEL M. PAVLETIC DVM DiplomateACVS RANDY J. BOUDRIEAU DVM DiplomateACVS STEPHEN J. ENGLER VMD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1989,18(4):286-291
An anatomic study was performed on canine cadavers to define the blood supply to the cranial sartorius muscle. The vascular supply to this muscle was found to be a single dominant pedicle branching from the femoral artery at the proximal portion of the muscle. This anatomic information was applied in designing a study to determine the feasibility of performing a cranial sartorius muscle flap in the dog. The cranial sartorius muscle was transposed to the caudal abdominal region in four dogs. The muscle flap was based on the singular vascular pedicle defined in the anatomic study. All muscle transpositions were successful on day 19 as evidenced by gross appearance and histologic examination. Grossly, the muscles were well adhered to the recipient sites and were covered by connective tissue. Histologically, the specimens were characterized by viable skeletal muscle fibers, proliferative and maturing granulation and fibrous connective tissue, and mild to moderate mononuclear inflammation. Seroma formation and infection were the two postoperative complications noted. The cranial sartorius muscle flap has potential clinical application for repair of traumatic caudal abdominal hernias and large inguinal hernias in the dog. 相似文献
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干酪乳杆菌CRISPR基因座分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的 目前基于酿脓链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)spCas9为核心的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统在乳酸菌上的应用受到很多限制,亟待开发适合于乳酸菌的基因编辑系统。对6株干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)的CRISPR系统进行深入分析,并预测激活干酪乳杆菌自身Cas9蛋白所识别的PAM序列,为开发适用于乳酸菌的CRISPR/lcCas9基因编辑系统奠定基础。方法 以已完成全基因组测序的6株干酪乳杆菌为研究对象,利用生物信息学方法对其CRISPR系统进行深入分析,重点对不同菌株的CRISPR系统结构进行解析,并且对Cas蛋白以及spacer的同源性进行分析,最后对CRISPR区重复序列的二级结构以及Cas9蛋白识别的PAM序列进行预测。结果 6株干酪乳杆菌CRISPR系统具有相似的结构,均具有特征性的Cas9蛋白,并且Cas基因序列保守。预测到tracrRNA位于Cas9和Cas1之间,重复序列可以形成茎部长达7个碱基的二级结构。根据CRISPR的间隔区序列,6株干酪乳杆菌可被分为3个基因型,将间隔区逐一进行blast比对,结果表明6个间隔区比对上14个来源不同的原间隔序列,这些间隔序列均来源于不同质粒。干酪乳杆菌lcCas9蛋白识别PAM序列的1、3位碱基偏好T/C、A/C,2、4位碱基对G、A的偏好性比较大。结论 6株干酪乳杆菌CRISPR系统均为type-ⅡA型,Cas序列和重复序列高度保守。DR序列可以形成稳定的二级结构,TGMA为干酪乳杆菌Cas9蛋白高效识别的PAM序列。 相似文献
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The effect of nitrogenous fertilizer on the photosynthesis of leaves of a ryegrass sward 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The addition of nitrogenous fertilizer to a newly cut, N-deficient ryegrass sward resulted in an increased photosynthetic capacity in the next leaf to expand, showing that greater photosynthesis per unit leaf area as well as greater leaf area contributes to the increased growth of fertilized swards. Later in the 4-week growth period there was little difference in photosynthetic capacity between fertilized and unfertilized swards. 相似文献
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