Identification of Cytokeratins in Bovine Sperm Outer Dense Fibre Fractions     

E Hinsch  JG Boehm  S Groeger  F Mueller-Schloesser  K-D Hinsch 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2003,38(2):155-160

Outer dense fibres (ODF) are important substructures of mammalian sperm tails that are involved in the regulation of sperm motility. In this study, we investigated the identity of several sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)‐insoluble ODF proteins. Bovine ODF were purified by separating sperm heads and tails using ultrasound and Percoll^® density gradient centrifugation. Sperm flagella were treated with the detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). CTAB‐insoluble material, which reportedly represents the ODF fraction, was collected, and electron microscopy confirmed a highly purified ODF fraction. We found after solubilization of this fraction with SDS that high amounts of insoluble material were retained after centrifugation. SDS‐insoluble material was collected and quantitatively dissolved in 8 M urea. SDS‐gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea revealed polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of approximately 25, 43, and 50 kDa. Subsequent immunoblotting with anti‐cytokeratin antibodies detected two urea‐soluble, SDS‐insoluble proteins with apparent molecular masses of 45 and 66 kDa. The 45‐kDa protein was identified as cytokeratin 19. An antibody reacting with a palette of cytokeratins (CK 1–18 and CK 20), KL1, was the only antibody that reacted with the 66‐kDa polypeptide. We conclude that sperm ODF fractions contain at least one each of type I and type II intermediate filaments. As keratins and intermediate filaments are described as rope‐like structures, we suggest that these intermediate filaments play an important structural or tension‐bearing role in sperm flagella.  相似文献   

Potato notes     

Alonzo G. Allen  Seymour Bridge  Thos McKeary  Nelson S. Pratt. 《American Journal of Potato Research》1923,1(1):5-5

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Bull Evaluation Workshop     

JG McLean 《Australian veterinary journal》1993,70(11):430-430

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Effects of Confluent, Roscovitine Treatment and Serum Starvation on the Cell-cycle Synchronization of Bovine Foetal Fibroblasts     

SR Cho  SA Ock  JG Yoo  B Mohana kumar  SY Choe  GJ Rho 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2005,40(2):171-176

The present study was designed to examine the effects of cell-cycle synchronization protocols, such as confluent, roscovitine treatment and serum starvation, in bovine foetal fibroblasts on synchronization accuracy at G0/G1, viability, apoptosis, necrosis and ploidy for use as a nuclei donor. The cells in 5-10 passages were randomly allocated into three treated groups. Cells were cultured either in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) + 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) until 90% confluent (group 1, confluent), in DMEM + 10% FBS + 30 microM roscovitine for 12 h (group 2, roscovitine), or in DMEM + 0.5% FBS for 5 days (group 3, serum starvation). Most of the cells (>80%) in all groups were arrested at the G0/G1 stage. Although the rates did not differ, cells in group 1 showed an increased cell population arrested at the G0/G1 phase. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher rates of apoptosis occurred in group 3 than in group 1 and 2 (10% vs 6% and 6%, respectively). No differences in chromosomal abnormality were observed among groups. However, by increasing the number of cell culture passages up to 15, significantly (p < 0.05) higher chromosomal abnormality was observed than in 5 and 10 passages (39% vs 28% and 23%, respectively) in group 1. The results clearly indicated that bovine foetal fibroblasts could be effectively synchronized at G0/G1 stages by all the three different treatments, confluent, roscovitine and serum starvation. However, cells in confluent showed reduced apoptosis and necrosis when they underwent 5-10 passages, exhibiting increased percentage of cells with stable chromosome diversity. Hence, cells in confluent merit further studies before they could be used as nuclear donors.  相似文献   

Theileria orientalis: a review     

JG Watts  MC Playford  KL Hickey 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2016,64(1):3-9

Theileria orientalis (also known historically as T. sergenti and T. buffeli) is responsible for benign or non-transforming theileriosis, and exerts its major effect through erythrocyte destruction. The life cycle of T. orientalis is essentially similar to that of other Theileria species, except that the schizonts do not induce transformation and fatal lymphoproliferation. The pathogenesis of anaemia as a result of infection is not clearly established and may be multifaceted. Clinical signs of weakness, reluctance to walk and abortion are early but non-specific indications of disease, particularly if accompanied by a history of cattle being moved. Physical examination may reveal pallor (pale eyes, vaginal mucosa), pyrexia, and elevated heart and respiratory rates. T. orientalis is an economically important parasite of cattle in New Zealand, Australia and Japan, especially where naïve animals are introduced into an endemic area or in animals under stress. Increased awareness of the risks posed by the parasite is required to enable management practices to be implemented to minimise its impact.  相似文献   

Assessment of the socio-economic impacts associated with the arrival of apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Mwea irrigation scheme,Kenya     

Kate L. Constantine  Fernadis Makale  Idah Mugambi  Duncan Chacha  Harrison Rware  Alexander Muvea  Vincent K. Kipngetich  Justice Tambo  Adewale Ogunmodede  Djami Djeddour  Corin F. Pratt  Ivan Rwomushana  Frances Williams 《Pest management science》2023,79(11):4343-4356

Background

In Kenya, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is mainly produced under irrigation by small-scale farmers. Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) in Kirinyaga County accounts for 80–88% of rice production. Here, rice is the main source of livelihood and a source of revenue generation for the county. However, a recently established invasive freshwater snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (family: Ampullariidae), a species of apple snail, presents a serious threat to rice production.

Results

Household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews highlight apple snail as a serious problem in MIS. Households that observed at least a moderate level of infestation (>20% of cultivated area) experienced significant reductions in rice yield (~14%) and net rice income (~60%). Farmers reported increased use of chemical pesticides for management of apple snail. In addition, the cost of hired labor for physical removal of egg masses and snails is resulting in substantial negative effects on net income. Farmer age, area of land owned, responsibility for decision-making, receipt of extension advice, training, and membership of a farmer organization, were all statistically significant variables to explain farmers awareness of the need for area-wide apple snail management.

Conclusion

Strategies to limit the spread of apple snail are urgently needed. A Multi-Institutional Technical Team (MITT) has been established to spearhead management efforts and consolidate advice to farmers on how to manage apple snail. However, without action to mitigate spread, the consequences could be disastrous for rice production and food security in Kenya, and for other rice growing regions across Africa. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

Soil fungal population levels in cotton fields fertilized with poultry litter and their relationships to soil nutrient concentrations and plant growth parameters     

R.G. Pratt  H. Tewolde 《Applied soil ecology》2009,41(1):41-49

Application to land of large quantities of waste materials from concentrated animal production, without causing environmental pollution, presents a major challenge to agriculture in the 21st century. Effects of land-applied animal wastes on chemical contents of soil are well documented, but less is understood of their effects on microbial populations in soil. This study was undertaken to evaluate effects of commercial application of poultry litter (PL), as a fertilizer, on soil fungal population levels and components on cotton farms in Mississippi, and to determine relationships of fungal population levels to soil nutrient contents and cotton growth and yield. On each of two farms, soil fungal population levels were estimated by dilution plating from samples of soil collected at two sampling times during 2 years from replicated plots of four fertilization treatments: 0 fertilizer, conventional mineral fertilizer (CF), low PL, and high PL. Soil fungal population levels differed significantly (P = 0.05) according to years or seasons and fertilization treatments on both farms. Population levels often were higher in soils amended with low or high PL, or with CF, than in unfertilized controls. On one farm where PL was tilled into soil, fungal population levels increased significantly during the course of the experiment in PL and CF treatments, but not in unfertilized controls, as determined by linear regression. No such increases were observed on the second farm where PL was applied no-till. Population levels of Fusarium semitectum and Penicillium purpurogenum were significantly higher in PL-treated soils than in unfertilized controls in 1 or 2 of 4 sampling events at both farms, while levels of four other species or groups of fungi usually did not differ. Fungal population levels were significantly correlated (P = 0.05) with N concentrations of soils in 1–4 sampling events on each farm and less frequently correlated with concentrations of nine other elements. In 4 of 24 instances, soil fungal population levels were significantly correlated with leaf area index, chlorophyll content, or yield of cotton, and correlation coefficients with these plant parameters were always positive. Major conclusions derived from this study are (1) no deleterious effects on population levels of total or select soil fungi were observed with use of PL as a fertilizer for commercial cotton production; and (2) soil fungal population levels may increase over time in association with greater fertility and plant growth that is induced by both mineral fertilizer and PL applications.  相似文献   

Intake and digestion of barley straw by sheep given expelled groundnut meal with different amounts of calcium     

B. D. Shrestha  J. H. Topps  G. Pratt 《Tropical animal health and production》1972,4(3):165-172

Summary Six wether sheep were used in a 6×6 latin square experiment to study the effect of calcium intake on intake and digestibility of barley straw fedad libitum with low and high oil groundnut meal. The level of added calcium ranged from 1.6 to 3.0 g/day for the low oil and 6.4 to 10.4 g/day for the high oil diet. Each experimental period was of 21 days duration which comprised 14 days for adaption to the diet followed by a sevenday collection. The amount of added calcium had a significant effect only with the high oil groundnut meal. The digestibility of crude fibre in diets which contained this meal was significantly increased (p<0.05) when the amount of added calcium was raised from 6.4 to 8.0 g/day. The sheep showed a marked adaptation to the diets which was manifested as a highly significant increase (p<0.001) in straw intake as the trial progressed. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between animals in intake and digestibility of some dietary constituents. This was shown particularly by one animal whose intake was substantially greater but whose digestive ability was appreciably less than the other five. The nitrogen retention by the sheep on the six diets differed considerably between the two types of groundnut meal. It was higher when the high oil meal was fed and this difference was mainly due to a smaller excretion of urea.

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Sumario Los ensayos de digestibilidad y pruebas de balance fueron llevadas a cabo en 6 ovinos castrados con el fin de estudiar el efecto del suplemento de calcio sobre la ingestión y digestibilidad dela paja dela cebada con dietas de harina de maní altas y bajas. El incremento en la digestibilidad de la fibra cruda con la harina de maní en dosis altas se atribuyó al calcio suplementado. La adaptación de los ovinos a las dietas fue notada conforme progresaba el experimento junto con una amplia variación entre los animales en ingestión y digestibilidad de algunos constituyentes de la dieta. La retención de nitrógeno fue mas alta en aquellos animales alimentados con niveles altos de harina de maní, y debido a una mas peque?a excreción de urea.

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Résumé Des essais de digestibilité et de bilan ont été effectués sur six moutons pour étudier l’influence d’un complément de calcium sur la consommation et la digestibilité de paille d’orge avec une proportion faible ou élevée de tourteau d’arachide. Une augmentation de la digestibilité de la cellulose brute de ce dernier a été attribuée à l’addition de calcium. L’adaptation des moutons aux rations a été progressive mais une grande variation de la consommation et de la digestibilité de quelques constituants alimentaires a été constatée entre les animaux. La rétention d’azote était plus élevée chez les animaux ayant re?u une proportion élevée de tourteau d’arachide, par suite d’une excrétion plus faible d’urée.

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Enhanced Resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii in Populations of Alfalfa Selected for Quantitative Resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum     

Pratt RG  Rowe DE 《Phytopathology》2002,92(2):204-209

ABSTRACT Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Sclerotium rolfsii are pathogens for which similar mechanisms of parasitism have been proposed. This suggested that resistance to these pathogens may be related in a common host plant. This study was undertaken to determine whether selection for quantitative resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum in alfalfa also increases resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii as expressed in excised leaf tissues and whole plants. Resistance in excised leaf tissues was evaluated according to the rate of necrosis induced by Sclerotium rolfsii following inoculation with mycelium. Resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii in whole plants was evaluated according to their survival following crown inoculations. Three alfalfa populations previously selected from cv. Delta for quantitative resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum exhibited enhanced resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii, in comparison with Delta or with susceptible populations, in excised leaf tissues. When whole plants of Delta and two of these populations, Sclerotinia trifoliorum resistant (STR) and Mississippi Sclerotinia resistant (MSR), were inoculated with Sclerotium rolfsii at 3 to 8 weeks of age, significant (P = 0.01) differences in survival were attributed to plant age at inoculation and alfalfa populations. Survival of both MSR and STR was significantly (P = 0.05) greater than for Delta; the best differential results were obtained by inoculating plants 5 to 7 weeks old. To evaluate relationships of resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Sclerotium rolfsii over a broader genetic background, additional populations were selected for resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum from four other alfalfa cultivars by leaf-inoculation techniques, and this resistance was confirmed by whole-plant inoculations. In excised leaf tissues, all four of these populations also expressed enhanced resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii in comparison with either parent cultivars or populations of comparable size selected at random. These results establish that selection for quantitative resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum in alfalfa also confers enhanced resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii as expressed in excised leaf tissues and whole plants. Results suggest, therefore, that genes for quantitative resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Sclerotium rolfsii in alfalfa are likely to be synonymous, overlapping, or closely linked.  相似文献   

Dermoid sinus at the lumbosacral junction in an English springer spaniel     

Pratt JN  Knottenbelt CM  Welsh EM 《The Journal of small animal practice》2000,41(1):24-26

A dermoid sinus was identified in a springer spaniel that presented with hindlimb neurological deficits. The sinus was continuous with the dura mater at the level of the lumbosacral junction. The presence of hair and debris adjacent to neural tissue had elicited a myelitis. A dorsal laminectomy was required to allow complete surgical resection of the sinus. The dog's neurological status improved after treatment and this improvement was maintained over a five-month follow-up period.  相似文献