Murderous Science. Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others, Germany, 1933-1945. Benno Muller-Hill. Oxford University Press, New York, 1988. xvi, 208 pp. $24.95. Translated from the German edition (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1984) by George R. Fraser     

Proctor RN 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,241(4866):730-731

  相似文献   

Development of equine veterinary medicine in the United States     

Proctor DL 《Veterinary heritage : bulletin of the American Veterinary History Society》1996,19(2):33-34

  相似文献   

Improved method for determination of pectin degree of esterification by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Monsoor MA  Kalapathy U  Proctor A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2001,49(6):2756-2760

An improved method for the determination of pectin degree of esterification (DE) by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was developed. Pectin samples with a range of DE as determined by gas chromatography were used for developing a calibration curve by DRIFTS. A linear relationship between the DE of pectin standards and FTIR peak ratio for ester carboxyl peak area to total carboxyl peak area was found (R(2) = 0.97). Pectin DE of various samples was calculated from the linear fit equation developed by DRIFTS. Accuracy of the DRIFTS method was determined by comparing the DE values of four commercial pectins obtained by DRIFTS methods to the values obtained by the gas chromatography method. Greater precision was obtained for the FTIR measurement of test pectin samples when the ester peak ratio was used relative to the ester peak area.  相似文献   

Determination of potassium guaiacolsulfonate by ion-pairing partition chromatography.     

T D Doyle  J B Proctor 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1975,58(2):276-282

Potassium guaiacolsulfonate, a highly polar, acidic substance, is readily eluted by chloroform from a pH 4.5 Celite column in the form of its ion-pair with trihexylamine, thereby effecting facile separation from other pharmaceuticals. The sulfonic acid is then back-extracted into aqueous alkali and determined spectrophotometrically. Assay of standard solutions by this procedre averaged 100.44 plus or minus 0.81%. The method was applied successfully to 4 commercial cough preparations containing a variety of other drugs.  相似文献   

Complementary host–pathogen genetic analyses of the role of fumonisins in the Zea mays–Gibberella moniliformis interaction     

Anne E. Desjardins  Mark Busman  Michael Muhitch  Robert H. Proctor   《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2007,70(4-6):149-160

Zea mays often is colonized with the fungus Gibberella moniliformis, which produces fumonisin toxins. The role of fumonisins in seedling colonization and blight was studied using complementary genetic analyses of host and pathogen. Only one of two fumonisin B1 (FB1)-insensitive maize backcross lines was more resistant than the FB1-sensitive parent to seedling blight, indicating that the increase in FB1-insensitivity was not associated with an increase in resistance. FB1-producing and nonproducing isogenic fungal strains did not differ in ability to cause seedling blight, but the FB1-producing strain was more effective in systemic colonization of seedlings in reciprocal strain challenge tests. Together, these and previous results indicate that the role of fumonisins depends on complex environmental and genetic contexts in this host–pathogen interaction.  相似文献   

Timing of shedding seeds and cones, and production in different stands of Scots pines at Abernethy Forest, Scotland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Summers  R.W.; Proctor  R. 《Forestry》2005,78(5):541-549

A study was carried out over 11 seed years on the timing ofshedding of seeds and cones, and annual seed fall and cone productionin three stands of native Scots pinewood and a Scots pine plantationin Abernethy Forest, Scotland. Peaks in seed fall took placemainly in May, and cones were shed mainly between June and August.There were few residual seeds remaining in shed cones. Synchronizedpeaks in seed fall and cone production (mast years) took placeat 3-year intervals across the different stands. The differencebetween cohorts of high and low cone production ranged fromfactors of 5 to 20 among sites. Coefficients of variation forcone production ranged from 62 to 84 per cent among sites. Therewere no significant differences in cone production among sites,but there were site-related differences in seed fall. The largercanopy cover in the plantation probably accounted for the higherseed fall per square metre there, though variations in the amountof seed eaten by birds and mammals may also have been important.Canopy cover needs to be considered when converting cone densitiesunder crowns to cone density per unit of woodland area. A similarcalculation is difficult for seeds because they are lighterthan cones and many fall outside the area under the crowns.The results are discussed in relation to the potential for treeregeneration and the availability of food for birds and mammalsprior to seed dispersal.  相似文献   

Kinetics of photoirradiation-induced synthesis of soy oil-conjugated linoleic acid isomers     

Jain VP  Proctor A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(3):889-894

Photoirradiation of soy oil with UV/visible light has been shown to produce significant amounts of trans,trans conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers through conversion of various synthesized intermediate cis,trans isomers. The objective of this study was to determine the kinetics of CLA isomers synthesis to better understand the production of various isomers. Soy oil was irradiated with UV/visible light for 144 h in the presence of an iodine catalyst and CLA isomers analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Arrhenius plots were developed for the conversion of soy oil linoleic acid (A) to form cis-, trans/trans-, cis-CLA (B), conversion of cis-, trans/trans-, cis-CLA to form trans,trans-CLA (C) with respect to B, and formation of trans,trans-CLA isomers with respect to C. The kinetics of consumption of linoleic acid (LA) to form cis-, trans/trans-, cis-CLA was found to be of second-order with a rate constant of 9.01 x 10-7 L/mol s. The rate of formation of cis-, trans/trans-, cis-CLA isomers depends on the rate of formation from LA and its rate of consumption to form trans,trans-CLA isomers. The conversion of cis-, trans/trans-, cis-CLA isomers to trans,trans-CLA isomers was found to be of first-order with a rate constant of 2.75 x 10-6 s-1. However, the formation of thermodynamically stable trans,trans-CLA isomers (C) with respect to C was found to be a zero-order reaction with a rate constant of 10.66 x 10-7 mol/L s. The consumption of LA was found to be the rate-determining step in the CLA isomers formation reaction mechanism. The findings provide a better understanding of the mechanism of CLA isomers synthesis by photoirradiation and the factors controlling the ratio of various isomers.  相似文献   

Cryptosporidium infection in a dugong (Dugong dugon)     

BD HILL  IR FRASER  HC PRIOR 《Australian veterinary journal》1997,75(9):670-671

  相似文献   

FUM13 encodes a short chain dehydrogenase/reductase required for C-3 carbonyl reduction during fumonisin biosynthesis in Gibberella moniliformis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Butchko RA  Plattner RD  Proctor RH 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(10):3000-3006

Fumonisins are polyketide-derived mycotoxins produced by the filamentous fungus Gibberella moniliformis (anamorph Fusarium verticillioides). Wild-type strains of the fungus produce predominantly four B-series fumonisins, designated FB(1), FB(2), FB(3), and FB(4). Recently, a cluster of 15 putative fumonisin biosynthetic genes (FUM) was described in G. moniliformis. We have now conducted a functional analysis of FUM13, a gene in the cluster that is predicted by amino acid sequence similarity to encode a short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR). Mass spectrometric analysis of metabolites from FUM13 deletion mutants revealed that they produce approximately 10% of wild-type levels of B-series fumonisins as well as two previously uncharacterized compounds. NMR analysis revealed that the new compounds are similar in structure to FB(3) and FB(4) but that they have a carbonyl function rather than a hydroxyl function at carbon atom 3 (C-3). These results indicate that the FUM13 protein catalyzes the reduction of the C-3 carbonyl to a hydroxyl group and are the first biochemical evidence directly linking a FUM gene to a specific reaction during fumonisin biosynthesis. The production of low levels of FB(1), FB(2), FB(3), and FB(4), which have a C-3 hydroxyl, by the FUM13 mutants suggests that G. moniliformis has an additional C-3 carbonyl reductase activity but that this enzyme functions less efficiently than the FUM13 protein.  相似文献   

The chemical genomic portrait of yeast: uncovering a phenotype for all genes     

Hillenmeyer ME  Fung E  Wildenhain J  Pierce SE  Hoon S  Lee W  Proctor M  St Onge RP  Tyers M  Koller D  Altman RB  Davis RW  Nislow C  Giaever G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5874):362-365

Genetics aims to understand the relation between genotype and phenotype. However, because complete deletion of most yeast genes ( approximately 80%) has no obvious phenotypic consequence in rich medium, it is difficult to study their functions. To uncover phenotypes for this nonessential fraction of the genome, we performed 1144 chemical genomic assays on the yeast whole-genome heterozygous and homozygous deletion collections and quantified the growth fitness of each deletion strain in the presence of chemical or environmental stress conditions. We found that 97% of gene deletions exhibited a measurable growth phenotype, suggesting that nearly all genes are essential for optimal growth in at least one condition.  相似文献