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1.
Brito LF Barth AD Rawlings NC Wilde RE Crews DH Mir PS Kastelic JP 《Domestic animal endocrinology》2007,33(1):1-18
The objective of the present study was to characterize the effects of nutrition on circulating concentrations of metabolic hormones, gonadotropins, and testosterone during sexual development in bulls. Nutrition regulated the hypothalamus-pituitary-testes axis through effects on the GnRH pulse generator in the hypothalamus and through direct effects on the testes. Pituitary function (gonadotropin secretion after GnRH challenge) was not affected by nutrition. However, nutrition affected LH pulse frequency and basal LH concentration during the early gonadotropin rise (10-26 weeks of age). There were close temporal associations between changes in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and changes in LH pulse frequency, suggesting a role for IGF-I in regulating the early gonadotropin rise in bulls. The peripubertal increase in testosterone concentration was delayed in bulls with lesser serum IGF-I concentrations (low nutrition), suggesting a role for IGF-I in regulating Leydig cell function. Serum IGF-I concentrations accounted for 72 and 67% of the variation in scrotal circumference and paired-testes volume, respectively (at any given age), indicating that IGF-I may regulate testicular growth. Bulls with a more sustained elevated LH pulse frequency during the early gonadotropin rise (high nutrition) had greater testicular mass at 70 weeks of age relative to the control group (medium nutrition), despite no differences in metabolic hormone concentrations after 26 weeks of age. Therefore, gonadotropin-independent mechanism regulating testicular growth might be dependent on previous gonadotropin milieu. 相似文献
2.
Dimensions and histologic characteristics of the small intestine of dogs during postnatal development 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
OBJECTIVE: To quantify dimensions of the small intestine of dogs and describe changes in histologic characteristics of the mucosa during postnatal development. SAMPLE POPULATION: Gastrointestinal tract tissues obtained from 110 Beagles (15 adult females and 95 puppies of both sexes). PROCEDURE: Several variables (length, total weight, mucosal weight, and nominal surface area) of the small intestine were measured in puppies at birth but before suckling; 1 day after birth and subsequent suckling, 21, 42, and 63 days after birth, and in the adult dams of the puppies. Tissue structure was examined and quantified at each time point by use of routine histologic examination and ocular micrometry of formalin-fixed specimens stained with H&E. RESULTS: Small intestinal dimensions increased throughout development with the greatest proportional changes during the first day after birth and onset of suckling. Villus height decreased during suckling but had consistent values from 42 days after birth to maturity, whereas crypt depth increased from birth to maturity. Vacuolated enterocytes were evident from birth to 21 days but not thereafter. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increases in intestinal dimensions provide growing dogs with a greater capacity for digestion and absorption. Changes in mucosal architecture and cell populations coincided with shifts in dietary inputs. These findings may assist in the diagnosis of small intestinal diseases and nutritional responses during growth and development of dogs. 相似文献
3.
OBJECTIVE: To measure activities of digestive enzymes during postnatal development in dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION: Gastrointestinal tract tissues obtained from 110 Beagles ranging from neonatal to adult dogs. PROCEDURE: Pepsin and lipase activities were measured in gastric contents, and amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin activities were measured in small intestinal contents and pancreatic tissue. Activities of lactase, sucrase, 4 peptidases, and enteropeptidase were assayed in samples of mucosa obtained from 3 regions of the small intestine. RESULTS: Gastric pH was low at all ages. Pepsin was not detected until day 21, and activity increased between day 63 and adulthood. Activities of amylase and lipase in contents of the small intestine and pancreatic tissue were lower during suckling than after weaning. Activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin did not vary among ages for luminal contents, whereas activities associated with pancreatic tissue decreased between birth and adulthood for trypsin but increased for chymotrypsin. Lactase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities were highest at birth, whereas the activities of sucrase and the 4 peptidases increased after birth. Enteropeptidase was detected only in the proximal region of the small intestine at all ages. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Secretions in the gastrointestinal tract proximal to the duodenum, enzymes in milk, and other digestive mechanisms compensate for low luminal activities of pancreatic enzymes during the perinatal period. Postnatal changes in digestive secretions influence nutrient availability, concentrations of signaling molecules, and activity of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit pathogens. Matching sources of nutrients to digestive abilities will improve the health of dogs during development. 相似文献
4.
On the cause of the 1930s Dust Bowl 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Schubert SD Suarez MJ Pegion PJ Koster RD Bacmeister JT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5665):1855-1859
During the 1930s, the United States experienced one of the most devastating droughts of the past century. The drought affected almost two-thirds of the country and parts of Mexico and Canada and was infamous for the numerous dust storms that occurred in the southern Great Plains. In this study, we present model results that indicate that the drought was caused by anomalous tropical sea surface temperatures during that decade and that interactions between the atmosphere and the land surface increased its severity. We also contrast the 1930s drought with other North American droughts of the 20th century. 相似文献
5.
Stahl RS VerCauteren K Buettgenbach TL Johnston JJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(5):1130-1135
A method was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography to assay 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), the active ingredient in Nicarbazin, in eggshells collected from Canada geese fed a formulated feed fortified with Nicarbazin at doses of 0, 125, 250, and 500 microg/g. The method was developed using chicken eggshells fortified with DNC. The method was used to quantify DNC in both the shell-associated membranes and the calcified shell extracellular matrix. These values were compared to those obtained for a composite sample consisting of both the membranes and the calcified shell extracellular matrix. The validated method was used to quantify DNC in eggshells from geese fed fortified feed to ascertain the effect of Nicarbazin feed concentration on shell DNC concentration. DNC levels in the eggshells were highly correlated with feed dose. 相似文献
6.
A probabilistic model was developed to estimate target and non-target avian mortality associated with the application of the avicide CPTH (3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride) to minimize sprouting rice damage in the southern USA. CPTH exposures for individual birds were predicted by random sampling from species-specific non-parametric distributions of bait seed consumption and CPTH residues detected on individual bait seeds. Mortality was predicted from the species-specific exposure versus mortality relationship. Individual variations in this response were captured in the model by Monte Carlo sampling from species-specific distributions of slopes and median toxicity values (LD50) for each bird. The model was used to simultaneously predict mortality (percentage of exposed population and number of birds killed/weight of consumed bait) for a target (blackbird) and non-target (mourning dove) species feeding on bait sites for up to five consecutive days. 相似文献
7.
In this study, we examine changes in fatty acid composition of polar and neutral lipids in gill, liver, and muscle of freshwater
alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) after temperature challenges in the laboratory. Alewives experienced either a warm or cold challenge in which temperatures
were raised or lowered 0.5°C day−1 over 4–6 weeks. In alewives experiencing the cold challenge, gill polar lipids showed evidence of significant remodeling,
including decreases in palmitic acid and saturated fatty acids and increases in n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid. In alewives experiencing the
warm challenge, we observed significant increases in saturated fatty acids (due mainly to increased palmitic acid) and decreases
in polyunsaturated fatty acids in polar lipids of muscle and liver tissue. Fish that died during the cold challenge had significantly
higher levels of palmitic acid in muscle polar lipids compared to fish that survived; fish that died during the warm challenge
displayed complex changes in fatty acid composition. Based on theoretical considerations, the changes in polar lipids we observed
during thermal acclimation are likely to promote appropriate membrane fluidity under each thermal regime. The increased incorporation
of highly unsaturated fatty acids during cold acclimation could have significant physiological and ecological implications.
In particular, since highly unsaturated fatty acids are typically scarce in freshwater food webs, dietary deficiencies in
these essential fatty acids may be a significant factor in winter mortality of freshwater alewives. 相似文献
8.
Yumiko Kanke William Raun John Solie Marvin Stone Randal Taylor 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):1526-1541
Under certain conditions normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) has low sensitivity; therefore red-edge position (REP) has been tested as an alternative vegetative index. The objective of this study was to determine if REP could be useful for detecting differences in N status for winter wheat compared to NDVI. A spectrometer, and the SPAD meter were used to measure N status. Sensitivity to plant N response and different growth stages was found for NDVI and REP, but NDVI sensitivity tended to decrease as N rate increased and REP sensitivity tended to increase with increased N rate and advancing growth stage. Both NDVI and REP were linearly correlated at all growth stages (r2 = 0.85). REP and SPAD meter readings were highly correlated (r2 = 0.62) as were NDVI and SPAD (r2 = 0.56). Overall, REP and NDVI sensitivity at high plant biomass were similar for winter wheat. 相似文献
9.
Sticky cotton causes severe processing problems at textile mills and can be caused by plant sugars deposited directly from
the plant to the lint in the absence of insects. A partial diallel design was used to investigate the combining ability of
six upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., genotypes in Lubbock, Texas. Sucrose and glucose on fibers were measured as well as more mechanical fiber properties including
stickiness ratings. Variance component analysis indicated significant differences among genotypes for all fiber traits and
for sugar content. The greatest differentiation occurred in samples taken from more immature fruiting forms. Moreover, significant
GCA and SCA differences were determined among parental lines for fiber traits including stickiness ratings. Findings suggest
that breeding efforts could be directed toward lines with a low likelihood of producing sticky cotton. 相似文献
10.
Zhai Changyuan Long John Taylor Randal Weckler Paul Wang Ning 《Precision Agriculture》2020,21(3):589-602
Precision Agriculture - With recent developments allowing increased planter speeds, improving spatial uniformity of crop emergence will continue to be an important focus of research. Vertical... 相似文献