Survey of equine castration techniques,preferences and outcomes among Australian veterinarians          下载免费PDF全文

CD Owens  KJ Hughes  BJ Hilbert  J Heller  S Nielsen  GD Trope 《Australian veterinary journal》2018,96(1-2):39-45

Objectives

(1) To collect the perceptions of veterinarians performing equine castrations in Australia on techniques, preferences and outcomes, (2) to investigate veterinarian use and experience with the Henderson castrating instrument and (3) to investigate potential associations between demographics, castration methods and techniques, and complications.

Design

Online survey of members of the Australian Veterinary Association’s Special Interest Group, Equine Veterinarians Australia (EVA).

Methods

A link to the survey was included in the EVA e‐newsletter and practices on the EVA website were contacted by telephone and follow‐up email. Fisher’s exact test was used to determine associations between ligation and complications. A generalised linear model with a negative binomial family was used to determine associations between count response variables and categorical independent variables.

Results

Responses were obtained from 138 veterinarians (response rate, 13.1%) who performed 5330 castrations over 12 months. Castrations were most commonly performed in the field, on anaesthetised horses, using emasculators, via an open approach and without ligation of the spermatic cord. Estimated complications after use of emasculators were swelling (25%), haemorrhage (5%) and infection (5%). The Henderson instrument was used by approximately 10% of respondents and its use for castration was associated with fewer reports of postoperative swelling compared with emasculators (P = 0.002). Rates of evisceration with the Henderson and emasculator methods were comparable (0.43% and 0.9%, respectively).

Conclusion

Castration preferences varied widely among survey participants. Reported complication types and rates were comparable to those reported previously in other countries. Perceptions that the Henderson instrument was associated with less swelling should be investigated further via a prospective controlled investigation.  相似文献   

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTS     

Shaffer PA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1915,41(1054):406

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ON THE ELECTRIC ORGANS OF GYMNOTUS CARAPUS     

Shaffer EL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1917,45(1151):67-69

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THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTS     

Shaffer PA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1914,39(997):218-220

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Very-Long-Baseline Radio Interferometry: The Mark III System for Geodesy, Astrometry, and Aperture Synthesis     

Rogers AE  Cappallo RJ  Hinteregger HF  Levine JI  Nesman EF  Webber JC  Whitney AR  Clark TA  Ma C  Ryan J  Corey BE  Counselman CC  Herring TA  Shapiro II  Knight CA  Shaffer DB  Vandenberg NR  Lacasse R  Mauzy R  Rayhrer B  Schupler BR  Pigg JC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1983,219(4580):51-54

The Mark III very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) system allows recording and later processing of up to 112 megabits per second from each radio telescope of an interferometer array. For astrometric and geodetic measurements, signals from two radio-frequency bands (2.2 to 2.3 and 8.2 to 8.6 gigahertz) are sampled and recorded simultaneously at all antenna sites. From these dual-band recordings the relative group delays of signals arriving at each pair of sites can be corrected for the contributions due to the ionosphere. For many radio sources for which the signals are sufficiently intense, these group delays can be determined with uncertainties under 50 picoseconds. Relative positions of widely separated antennas and celestial coordinates of radio sources have been determined from such measurements with 1 standard deviation uncertainties of about 5 centimeters and 3 milliseconds of arc, respectively. Sample results are given for the lengths of baselines between three antennas in the United States and three in Europe as well as for the arc lengths between the positions of six extragalactic radio sources. There is no significant evidence of change in any of these quantities. For mapping the brightness distribution of such compact radio sources, signals of a given polarization, or of pairs of orthogonal polarizations, can be recorded in up to 28 contiguous bands each nearly 2 megahertz wide. The ability to record large bandwidths and to link together many large radio telescopes allows detection and study of compact sources with flux densities under 1 millijansky.  相似文献   

Undergraduate research. Genomics Education Partnership     

Lopatto D  Alvarez C  Barnard D  Chandrasekaran C  Chung HM  Du C  Eckdahl T  Goodman AL  Hauser C  Jones CJ  Kopp OR  Kuleck GA  McNeil G  Morris R  Myka JL  Nagengast A  Overvoorde PJ  Poet JL  Reed K  Regisford G  Revie D  Rosenwald A  Saville K  Shaw M  Skuse GR  Smith C  Smith M  Spratt M  Stamm J  Thompson JS  Wilson BA  Witkowski C  Youngblom J  Leung W  Shaffer CD  Buhler J  Mardis E  Elgin SC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5902):684-685

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Watershed vs in-lake alkalinity generation: A comparison of rates using input-output studies     

Paul W. Shaffer  Richard P. Hooper  Keith N. Eshleman  M. Robbins Church 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1988,39(3-4):263-273

As a means of assessing the relative contributions of watershed (terrestrial) and in-lake processes to overall lake/watershed alkalinity budgets, alkalinity production rates for watersheds and low alkalinity lakes were compiled from the literature and compared. Based on net alkalinity production data, derived using wet or bulk deposition data, mean and median alkalinity production for 20 watersheds in North America and Europe were 89 and 69 meq m^?2 yr^?1 (range 20 to 235 meq m^?2 yr^?1). For a subset of 10 watersheds with dry deposition data, terrestrial alkalinity production neutralized an additional 35 meq m^?2 yr^?1 of acidic deposition. For 11 lakes, mean and median in-lake alkalinity generation were 99 and 88 meq m^?2 yr^?1 (range 22 to 240 meq m^?2 yr^?1). Analysis of data indicates that for the low alkalinity systems described here, areal alkalinity production rates for watersheds and lakes are approximately equal. This relationship suggests that watershed area to lake area ratio can be used as a convenient estimator of the relative importance of watershed and in-lake sources of alkalinity for drainage lake systems. For precipitation-dominated seepage lakes and other systems where hydrology limits soil-water contact, hydrologic flow paths and residence times can be of overriding importance in determining alkalinity sources. For regions dominated by drainage lakes with high watershed area to lake area ratios (such as the Northeastern U.S.), however, alkalinity budgets are dominated by watershed processes. Omission of in-lake alkalinity consideration for most lakes in such regions would have little impact on computed alkalinity budgets or on predicted response to changes in acidic deposition loadings.  相似文献   

Survival of the western pond turtle (Emys marmorata) in an urban California environment     

Phillip Q Spinks  Gregory B Pauly  H Bradley Shaffer 《Biological conservation》2003,113(2):257-267

The western pond turtle Emys (formerly Clemmys) marmorata is declining throughout its range, primarily due to loss of habitat via urbanization and conversion to agriculture. Urban waterways present several important challenges to freshwater turtle populations, but they also present an opportunity to maintain declining species in a ubiquitous habitat that has high public visibility. The arboretum waterway on the University of California, Davis campus is an example of an extensively altered urban habitat that supports a relatively large E. marmorata population. Over the last 6 years, we monitored the turtle population inhabiting the arboretum waterway to determine the demographic health of the population, and the challenges and opportunities that urban environments pose for pond turtles. Since 1993, the naturally existing arboretum pond turtle population has declined by approximately 40% and has shown little natural recruitment. During this time, we also introduced 31 headstarted turtles into the arboretum. Headstarting is the process of raising juveniles in captivity until they have outgrown their period of greatest vulnerability to predators, and then releasing them into the wild. Our headstarting results demonstrate that this contentious strategy is a viable option for adding young turtles to the population, although it does not address the causes of decline. Over the course of our study, we encountered nine species of non-native turtles in the waterway, and these appear to be a serious threat to the native species. As more habitat becomes urbanized, it is increasingly important to understand how freshwater turtles, such as E. marmorata, adapt to urban waterways and the impact of non-native turtles on native turtle species. Our strong feeling is that urban waterways can provide habitat for viable populations of freshwater turtles and showcase them to the public, but both the aquatic and terrestrial habitat must be managed according to the biological requirements of individual species.  相似文献   

Reply     

Paul W. Shaffer  Richard P. Hooper  Keith N. Eshleman  M. Robbins Church 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1989,47(1-2):179-182

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Low-voltage organic transistors on plastic comprising high-dielectric constant gate insulators   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

CD Dimitrakopoulos  S Purushothaman  J Kymissis  A Callegari  JM Shaw 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,283(5403):822-824

The gate bias dependence of the field-effect mobility in pentacene-based insulated gate field-effect transistors (IGFETs) was interpreted on the basis of the interaction of charge carriers with localized trap levels in the band gap. This understanding was used to design and fabricate IGFETs with mobility of more than 0.3 square centimeter per volt per second and current modulation of 10(5), with the use of amorphous metal oxide gate insulators. These values were obtained at operating voltage ranges as low as 5 volts, which are much smaller than previously reported results. An all-room-temperature fabrication process sequence was used, which enabled the demonstration of high-performance organic IGFETs on transparent plastic substrates, at low operating voltages for organic devices.  相似文献