Evaluation of β-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-glucans and High-M alginate used as immunostimulatory dietary supplement during first feeding and weaning of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)     

Jorunn Skjermo  Trond R. Størseth  Karina Hansen  Gunvor Øie 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2006,261(3):1088-1101

Stimulation of the non-specific defence enhances the disease resistance and growth, and has good potentials as a measure for increased microbial control in juvenile production of marine fish and shellfish. So far, the most commonly used immunostimulants are β-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-glucans, and in this study the stimulatory potential of a β-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-glucan of marine origin, the storage polysaccharide from the marine diatom Chaetoceros mülleri, was examined. The glucan (chrysolaminaran) was extracted from cultures of C. mülleri, and used as a dietary supplement in two first feeding experiments with larvae of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. In one experiment the microalgal glucan was compared to the commercial yeast-glucan product MacroGard®, and in the other to an alginate with a high content of mannuronic acid (High-M alginate) isolated from Durvillaea antarctica. The stimulants were given via rotifers, and weaning to formulated feed was initiated at day 17 or 18 after hatching. The survival ± SEM at day 27 after hatching was 24.5 ± 2.0%, 14.8 ± 4.5% and 13.1 ± 1.4% for the groups fed C. mülleri-glucan, yeast glucan and for the control, respectively, in the first experiment. The group fed C. mülleri-glucan group had higher survival compared to the control (P < 0.05) group, whereas the yeast glucan had no positive effect on the survival (p > 0.05). The dry weights of the groups at day 27 were low, with 203.2 ± 52.2, 165.2 ± 43.4 and 198.5 ± 58.1 μg per larva for the C. mülleri-glucan, yeast glucan and control groups, respectively. In the second experiment the survival in the period of feeding formulated feed (days 18-30) were 44.6 ± 4.3%, 44.7 ± 1.3%, and 33.8 ± 4.1% survival for the C. mülleri-glucan, High-M alginate and control group, respectively. The cod larvae fed C. mülleri-glucan reached an average weight of 531.6 ± 17.2 μg at day 30, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control group that had an average of 473.6 ± 3.5 μg. The larvae fed High-M alginate had an average weight of 470.3 ± 31.6 μg per larva at day 30, and not significantly different from the control (p > 0.05). The early weaning to formulated diet had detrimental effect on the growth of the larvae. In both experiments the C. mülleri-glucan group was the only group showing a positive growth rate in the period of weaning to dry feed. The microbial conditions in larval gut and water were monitored with respect to total colony forming units on Marine agar, and Vibrio- and Pseudomonas-like species on selective agars (TCBS and marine Pseudomonas Agar with CFC-supplement). The larvae were rapidly colonised after hatching, but no or weak effects of the stimulants were observed on the colonisation rates or the composition. The total CFU varied from 10¹ to 10² CFU per μg larva after initiation of the first feeding. The percentages of Pseudomonas-like bacteria increased throughout the period, whereas the levels of Vibrio-like bacteria were low and stable. The chrysolaminaran from the diatom C. mülleri was shown to be a promising candidate for use as an immunostimulatory feed additive, and which should be further explored.  相似文献   

Earthworm channels in cultivated clayey and loamy Norwegian soils     

Tore E. Sveistrup  Trond Knapp Haraldsen  Freddy Engelstad 《Soil & Tillage Research》1997,43(3-4)

Studies of earthworm species and their activity, expressed as channels, on cultivated loamy (Humic Cryaquept) and clayey soils (Typic Endoaqualf and Typic Cryaquept) were conducted in southern and central Norway before conversion from conventional to organic cropping systems. At all the three study areas: Landvik (Grimstad), Voll (Ås) and Kvithamar (Stjørdal), the earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea, Allolobophora chlorotica and Lumbricus rubellus were found. At Landvik, where the deep-burrowing species Aporrectodea longa, A. caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris dominated, medium (4–6 mm) and coarse (>6 mm) earthworm channels were most numerous below the plough layer. Almost no coarse pores were found at Voll and Kvithamar. The volume of earthworm channels below the plough layer was 0.6–0.8% of total soil volume at Landvik and Voll and 0.3–0.4% at Kvithamar. Earthworm channels >6 mm below the plough layer were useful to identify present and previous activity of deep-burrowing earthworms such as L. terrestris. Below the plough layer, roots were almost entirely restricted to earthworm channels and interaggregate spaces.  相似文献   

Antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus DNase in goat serum     

Steinar Hie  Gudmund Holstad  Trond Slettbakk 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1990,31(2):251-252

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Freeze-resistant Trichinella (Trichinella nativa) Established on the Scandinavian Peninsula     

Kjell Handeland  Trond Slettbakk  Oddvar Helle 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1995,36(1):149

Until the 1970’s, Trichinella spiralis (Owen 1835) was considered the only species within the genus Trichinella. Then T. pseudospiralis (Garkavi 1972) was classified as a separate species on the basis of morphological and biological features. The remaining morphologically homogenous “T. spiralis-group” has been split into 4 different species (or subspecies) on the basis of their biological and biochemical characteristics; T. nativa (Britov & Boev 1972), T. nelsoni (Britov & Boev 1972), T. spiralis sensu stricto and T. britovi (Pozio et al. 1992).  相似文献   

Long-term effect of photoperiod manipulation on growth, maturation and flesh quality in Atlantic halibut     

Albert K Imsland  Bjørn Roth  Atle Foss  Erik Vikingstad  Sigurd O Stefansson  Skjalg Pedersen  Trond Sandvik  & Birgitta Norberg 《Aquaculture Research》2009,40(11):1260-1269

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous light at different stages during the production cycle of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. on growth, age at first maturity, endocrine parameters and flesh quality. A group of juvenile halibut [mean (SD), initial weight 191.3 g (44.7)] was reared in indoor tanks under ambient temperature conditions for 38 months until harvesting (mean final weight, 4.6 kg). The entire photoperiod experiment was divided into four phases, where the fish in each phase were exposed to either natural photoperiod (62°33'N) or continuous light (L). Thus, the following five photoperiod combinations were tested: (a) Control group (NNNN), (b) Group 2A (NLNN), (c) Group 2B (NNLN), (d) Group 2C (NNNL) and (e) Production group (LNNN). Exposure to continuous light stimulated growth, and the final mean weights of Groups 2A and 2B were 23% and 11% higher than those of the Control group (NNNN). The final plasma 11-ketotestosteron levels were lower in Groups 2A (2.94 ng mL⁻¹) and 2B (2.46 ng mL⁻¹) compared with the Control (5.29 ng mL⁻¹), Group 2C (5.09 ng mL⁻¹) and the Production group (4.78 ng mL⁻¹) during spring 2007 (age 4 years), indicating higher age at first maturity in Groups 2A and 2B. Photoperiod regime had only a minor, and transient, effect on flesh-quality traits of the fish, whereas a significant seasonal effect was seen with a tendency towards increased gaping, lower pH, lower hardness and lower shear force in July compared with December and March.  相似文献   

Influence of larval transport and temperature on recruitment dynamics of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) across spatial scales of observation     

Giovanni Romagnoni  Kristina ie Kvile  Knut‐Frode Dagestad  Anne Maria Eikeset  Trond Kristiansen  Nils Chr. Stenseth   ystein Langangen 《Fisheries Oceanography》2020,29(4):324-339

The survival of fish eggs and larvae, and therefore recruitment success, can be critically affected by transport in ocean currents. Combining a model of early‐life stage dispersal with statistical stock–recruitment models, we investigated the role of larval transport for recruitment variability across spatial scales for the population complex of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua). By using a coupled physical–biological model, we estimated the egg and larval transport over a 44‐year period. The oceanographic component of the model, capable of capturing the interannual variability of temperature and ocean current patterns, was coupled to the biological component, an individual‐based model (IBM) that simulated the cod eggs and larvae development and mortality. This study proposes a novel method to account for larval transport and success in stock–recruitment models: weighting the spawning stock biomass by retention rate and, in the case of multiple populations, their connectivity. Our method provides an estimate of the stock biomass contributing to recruitment and the effect of larval transport on recruitment variability. Our results indicate an effect, albeit small, in some populations at the local level. Including transport anomaly as an environmental covariate in traditional stock–recruitment models in turn captures recruitment variability at larger scales. Our study aims to quantify the role of larval transport for recruitment across spatial scales, and disentangle the roles of temperature and larval transport on effective connectivity between populations, thus informing about the potential impacts of climate change on the cod population structure in the North Sea.  相似文献   

Compensatory growth in Atlantic halibut: Effect of starvation and subsequent feeding on growth, maturation, feed utilization and flesh quality     

Atle Foss  Albert K. Imsland  Erik Vikingstad  Sigurd O. Stefansson  Birgitta Norberg  Skjalg Pedersen  Trond Sandvik  Bjrn Roth 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2009,290(3-4):304-310

A group of juvenile Atlantic halibut (mean, SD, 199.5 g, 44.7) was split into two experimental groups: one group was fed in excess twice a day and later five days a week (i.e. Control group), and the other group was starved for 5 weeks and then subsequently re-fed for 10 weeks (i.e. 5/10 starvation/re-fed group). This treatment was repeated for three years until the fish were harvested (mean final weight, 4.4 kg). A size +specific compensatory response was seen; partial compensation was observed in halibut weighing less than 500 g whereas full recovery growth was seen in halibut over 2 kg. Food consumption and feed conversion efficiency was measured during two full 5/10 starvation/re-fed cycles. The Control group consumed 86% more food in the measurement period, whereas the FCE 40% higher in the 5/10 starvation/re-fed group (FCE = 0.95) compared to the Control group (FCE = 0.68). In males lower gonadosomatic index (2.2 vs. 3.0) and plasma 11-ketotestosterone (0.22 vs. 1.26 ng ml^− 1) levels in the 5/10 starvation/re-fed group were observed during late winter and spring of 2006 (age 3 years) indicating higher age at 1st maturity. Starvation had a significant effect for improving the quality as starved fish had higher muscle pH (6.4 vs. 6.2), less gaping (0.1 vs. 0.3) and harder texture (61.4 vs. 57.6 N). Overall, the rearing on a repeated 5/10 starvation/re-fed regime for 3 years led to full growth compensation, higher feed conversion efficiency, lower male maturation and improved flesh quality.  相似文献   

Phytate degradation in a mixture of ground wheat and ground defatted soybeans during feed processing: effects of temperature, moisture level, and retention time in small- and medium-scale incubation systems     

Denstadli V  Vestre R  Svihus B  Skrede A  Storebakken T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(16):5887-5893

The optimal conditions for degradation of phytate (IP6, myo-inositol hexaphosphate) in a mixture of ground wheat and ground defatted soybeans (1:2, w/w) with added exogenous E. coli phytase were investigated at different temperatures (45, 60, 75, and 95 degrees C), moisture levels (25%, 35%, and 45%), and retention times (2-45 min). All treatment combinations were investigated in a small-scale mixer conditioner (experiment 1). The combined 45 degrees C and 45% moisture treatment was most efficient and reduced the content of IP6 by 86% during 45 min of incubation. This treatment combination was applied in a medium-scale mixer conditioner (experiment 2), and 76% reduction of IP6 at 45 min was obtained. During incubation, the content of lower groups of inositol phosphates, such as IP4 (myo-inositol tetraphosphate) and IP3 (myo-inositol triphosphate), increased significantly as the content of IP6 decreased. The major isomer formed was Ins(1,2,5,6)P(4).  相似文献   

Temperature‐dependent feed requirements in farmed blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) estimated from soft tissue growth and oxygen consumption and ammonia‐N excretion     

Aleksander Handå  Trond Nordtug  Stein Halstensen  Anders Johny Olsen  Kjell Inge Reitan  Yngvar Olsen  Helge Reinertsen 《Aquaculture Research》2013,44(4):645-656

Feed requirements were estimated from specific growth rates in standardized soft tissue dry weight (SGR_DW’) and atomic O:N ratios for mussels fed seven rations of microalgae (5–735 μg C h^?1 ind^?1) at 7 and 14°C respectively. The mean oxygen consumption and ammonia‐N excretion rates were significantly higher at 14°C (0.29 μg O² and 27.3 μg N ind^?1 h¹) compared with those at 7°C (0.16 μg O² and 11.4 μg N ind^?1 h^?1) (P < 0.05), resulting in O:N ratios between 3 and 45 at 7°C and 7 and 28 at 14°C. Low O:N ratios indicate protein catabolism and an unfavourable condition, whereas high ratios indicate that carbohydrate is the primary energy source. The measured SGR_DW’ suggests minimum feed requirements of ~240 and ~570 μg C ind^?1 h^?1 for weight maintenance at 7 and 14°C, with corresponding O:N ratios of 24 and 16, respectively, indicating a more stressed condition at 14°C. A 0.5% SGR_DW’ day^?1 was obtained by ~565 (O:N = 29) and ~680 (O:N = 23) μg C ind^?1 h^?1 at 7 and 14°C respectively. A positive and significantly higher SGR_DW’, with the lowest feed ration at 7°C compared with a negative SGR_DW’ at 14°C (P < 0.05), indicated that storage time can also possibly be prolonged at low temperatures if the mussels are not fed.  相似文献   

The EFSA quantitative approach to pest risk assessment – methodological aspects and case studies          下载免费PDF全文

G. Gilioli  G. Schrader  J.‐C. Grégoire  A. MacLeod  O. Mosbach‐Schulz  T. Rafoss  V. Rossi  G. Urek  W. van der Werf 《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(2):213-219

A new method for pest risk assessment and the identification and evaluation of risk‐reducing options is currently under development by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Plant Health Panel. The draft method has been tested on pests of concern to the European Union (EU). The method is adaptable and can focus either on all the steps and sub‐steps of the assessment process or on specific parts if necessary. It is based on assessing changes in pest population abundance as the major driver of the impact on cultivated plants and on the environment. Like other pest risk assessment systems the method asks questions about the likelihood and magnitude of factors that contribute to risk. Responses can be based on data or expert judgment. Crucially, the approach is quantitative, and it captures uncertainty through the provision by risk assessors of quantile estimates of the probability distributions for the assessed variables and parameters. The assessment is based on comparisons between different scenarios, and the method integrates risk‐reducing options where they apply to a scenario, for example current regulation against a scenario where risk‐reducing options are not applied. A strategy has been developed to communicate the results of the risk assessment in a clear, comparable and transparent way, with the aim of providing the requestor of the risk assessment with a useful answer to the question(s) posed to the EFSA Plant Health Panel. The method has been applied to four case studies, two fungi, Ceratocystis platani and Cryphonectria parasitica, the nematode Ditylenchus destructor and the Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma. Selected results from these case studies illustrate the types of output that the method can deliver.  相似文献