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1.
Takeshi Shinogi Tomoko Suzuki Takayuki Kurihara Yoshihiro Narusaka Pyoyun Park 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2003,69(1):7-16
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was examined in the interaction of Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype and host plants using three methods: nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) method for microscopic detection
of O2
−, diaminobenzidine (DAB) methods for microscopic detection of H2O2, and cerium chloride methods for ultrastructural detection of H2O2. ROS generation was detected by NBT and DAB methods at appressoria on leaves of susceptible cultivars and heat-shocked leaves
of resistant cultivars but not in leaves of resistant cultivars. Ultrastructural detection by the cerium chloride method identified
ROS generation at cell walls of appressoria and penetration pegs in susceptible, resistant leaves and heat-shocked leaves.
These differences in the ultrastructural and microscopic data in resistant areas were due to the restriction of ROS generation
in limited areas, the side facing the plant surface, of appressoria and penetration pegs. Therefore, ROS generation was apparently
induced regardless of the resistance or susceptibility of the cultivar with the difference being in the volumes generated.
After evaluating the pathological role of ROS generation in fungal structures, such generation was found to be associated
with early penetration of cell walls in pear plants. Additionally, ROS generation in plants was also found in degrading pectin
layers near infected hyphae and in plasma membrane modification sites in susceptible leaves but not in resistant leaves. ROS
generation in susceptible leaves might be accompanied with plasma membrane damage, although the role of ROS generation in
the pectin layers is not clear. ROS generation in both fungal and plant cells during their interaction was likely associated
with the expression of susceptibility.
Received: June 3, 2002 / Accepted: July 31, 2002 相似文献
2.
Utilization of biochar impregnated with anaerobically digested slurry as slow‐release fertilizer 
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下载免费PDF全文 We examined the possibility of an environment‐friendly slow‐release fertilizer (SRF) made of biochar impregnated by anaerobically digested slurry. The biochar materials were produced from three types of feedstocks (orange peel, residual wood, water‐treatment sludge) at different temperatures of 300°C, 500°C, and 700°C via pyrolysis. The release behaviors of the water‐soluble K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were similar for all impregnated biochars and the commercial SRF used. The water‐retention capacity was greatly improved by mixing the biochar‐SRF with the soil. The yield of lettuce was lower for the biochar‐SRF applications of 3.7 to 34.2 t ha–1 than for the commercial SRF application of 51.4 t ha–1. This might be due to excessive increase of soil pH for the biochar‐SRF application. Based on these results, the authors concluded that the biochar impregnated with nutrients could become an effective slow‐release K+ fertilizer. 相似文献
3.
Kozue Yuge Hiroki Maeda Munehiro Tanaka Mitsumasa Anan Yoshiyuki Shinogi 《Paddy and Water Environment》2014,12(3):335-342
Promoting biomass utilization, the objectives of this study were to clarify the spatial distribution of nitrogen, one of the most important fertilizer components in the methane fermentation digested slurry (i.e., the digested slurry), and to establish an effective method to apply spatial-uniformly digested slurry with irrigation water in the rice paddy field. A numerical model describing the unsteady two-dimensional flow and solution transport of paddy irrigation water was introduced. The accuracy of this model was verified with a field observation. The tendencies of the TN simulated in inlet and outlet portions had good agreement with the measured data and the accuracy of the numerical model could be verified. Using the numerical model, scenario analyses were conducted to determine the method for spatial-uniform application of the digested slurry with irrigation water. The simulated results indicated that drainage of the surface water and trenches at the soil surface were effective for spatial-uniform application of the digested slurry with irrigation water in the rice paddy fields. The effect of the trenches was maximized when the surface water of the rice paddy field was drained adequately. 相似文献
4.
5.
Cytological characteristics of microconidia of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Magnaporthe oryzae</Emphasis>
Izumi Chuma Takeshi Shinogi Naoki Hosogi Ken-ichi Ikeda Hitoshi Nakayashiki Pyoyun Park Yukio Tosa 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2009,75(5):353-358
The inner cellular structure of microconidia of Magnaporthe oryzae was examined using fluorescent probes and electron microscopic techniques. The volume of the nucleus relative to the cell
was significantly larger in microconidia than in macroconidia or vegetative hyphae, similar to observations for spermatia
of other fungi. Selective fluorescent staining revealed that cytosolic RNA was less abundant in microconidia than in macroconidia
and germ tubes, suggesting that general metabolic activity in microconidia is low. Consistently, GFP expression driven by
the TrpC promoter was highly active during the formation of phialides and microconidia but gradually decreased as the microconidia
matured. Such data suggest that microconidia are in a quiescent or dormant state. 相似文献
6.
This study aims to investigate the impact of rice-husk power generation on agricultural uses of rice husk and its ash. We
conducted case studies at a rice-husk power plant and organic farming groups in northeast Thailand. The case study on a rice-husk
power plant showed that rice husk was useful in generating electricity without consuming fossil fuel, while husk ash, the
by-product, could be utilized as silicate supplement for farmland soils. The case study on organic farming groups indicated
that rice husk was one of the indispensable materials in conducting organic farming with locally available resources. On the
basis of these findings, an analytical study on possible husk uses in Thailand was conducted, in which three potential major
uses of rice husk were considered: i.e. (1) fuel use inside rice mills followed by husk-ash reuse, (2) fuel use at power plants
followed by husk-ash reuse, and (3) direct reuse of husk for compost production. The result indicated that there would be
conflicting demands for rice husk among those uses in the future. Therefore, there needs to be a strategy for balancing husk
uses among them. 相似文献
7.
Shiraki Shutaro Aung Kyaw Thu Matsuno Yutaka Shinogi Yoshiyuki 《Paddy and Water Environment》2019,17(4):619-632
Paddy and Water Environment - Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) is an important parameter used to estimate field water requirements in irrigation systems, although it is widely... 相似文献
8.
Yoshiyuki Shinogi Yutaka Kanri Yuichi Hirose Kaneto Inoue 《Paddy and Water Environment》2005,3(3):165-170
Due to the recent regulation of rice production in Japan, it has become necessary to convert rice paddy to other field crops
production. To achieve this, drainage conditions, especially for surface drainage, must be improved. We propose the introduction
of a slight slope to improve surface drainage, but the optimal slope must be determined in order to prevent soil erosion caused
by excessive slope, as well as increased cost. In Japan, a 0.1% slope has recently come into widespread use and, therefore,
the impact on surface drainage must be quantified. In this report, observations were carried out to quantify the impact of
a 0.1% slope for converted rice paddy and the following results were obtained: (1) An approximate 0.1% slope enables improvement
of 46% of the soil surface saturation area as compared to flat conditions about 10 h after inundation; and (2) Inundated water
remains on a flat field, while it moves downward toward the end on a sloped field. These results give a basis for determining
a slope on a rice paddy in terms of surface drainage improvement. However, the optimal slope should be decided from various
perspectives including engineering, agronomy, and economics etc. 相似文献
9.
Effects of the micro-scale advection on the soil water movement in micro-irrigated fields 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The objective of this study was to explore the soil water dynamics under micro-advective conditions. A numerical model was introduced to estimate the airflow turbulence generated by the crop canopy. The vapor pressure and air temperature in the vicinity of the soil surface were estimated from the wind velocity predicted by this model. The energy budget on the soil surface was estimated using wind velocity, vapor pressure, and air temperature simulated by numerical models. The soil water content and temperature were predicted using the simulation model describing the water and heat transfer in soil. Using the energy budget, the accuracy of this model was experimentally verified using a wind tunnel. Spatial changes of the soil water content simulated by this model were reproduced by the experiment. This indicated that the numerical model for estimating the soil water movement under micro-scale advection considering the crop body was satisfactory. 相似文献
10.
Biological denitrification experiment was conducted using sugar-industry wastes, namely final molasses as a carbon source and bagasse charcoal pellets as supporting media for denitrifying bacteria. We employed an upflow fixed-bed reactor filled with the pellets and biofilm attached onto them. This was fed with potassium-nitrate and dilute-molasses solutions. Total nitrogen removals of more than 85% were achieved at influent carbon–nitrogen (C/N) ratios between 2 and 4, and hydraulic residence times of more than 0.8 h. This demonstrated that final molasses could be used as an alternative carbon source. On the other hand, final molasses also contained some organic/ammonium nitrogen and refractory organic matter including colors, both of which were difficult to remove with the reactor. Accordingly, at higher C/N ratios, these substances caused major increases in effluent total-nitrogen and organic-carbon concentrations. Therefore, an optimum C/N ratio was found to be around 2. 相似文献