We screened serum samples of 1024 goats slaughtered for chevon in Bareilly in Northern India for Salmonella antibodies with indirect ELISA, MAT-H (microagglutination test using flagellar antigens e, n, x and 1, 5) and MAT-O (microagglutination test using somatic antigens 4, 12 and 3, 10, 15). Salmonella antibodies were detected in 48, 8 and 40%, goats using Salmonella-cytotoxi-I ELISA, MAT 'H' and MAT 'O', respectively. After adjusting for test accuracy, the seroprevalence were highest for Salmonella-cytotoxi-I ELISA (46%) followed by agglutinins against 'O' 3, 10, 15 (15%) and negligible for other agglutinins. With all 5 tests, prevalence of Salmonella antibodies was significantly higher in females than in males. No significant difference was evident in prevalence of Salmonella antibodies to different antigens in different age groups of male goats except for e, n, x agglutinins that were significantly more prevalent in young adult (<6-18 months) males than in adult (>18 months of age) or young (< or =6 months of age) goats. On the other hand, in females, prevalence of Salmonella-cytotoxin-I antibodies and e, n, x agglutinins differed significantly among three age groups, being the most prevalent in adult goats. As expected, the results of different tests had little or no correlation because the different tests targeted antibodies to different antigens. 相似文献
The effect of seed size on germination and seedling growth was assessed using cultivars of greengram and blackgram. Significant positive correlation was noticed between seed size and germination, seedling height, root length, primary leaf size and seedling weight. The possible advantages of choosing cultivars with heavier seeds for attaining better crop stand especially under rainfed situation are discussed. 相似文献
One of the major problems in the shrimp culture industry is the difficulty in producing high-quality shrimp larvae. In larviculture,
quality feeds containing a high content of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and ingredients that stimulate stress and
disease resistance are essential to produce healthy shrimp larvae. In the present study, Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL15) were fed for 25 days on an unenriched Artemia diet (control; A) or on a diet of Artemia enriched with either HUFA-rich liver oil of the trash fish Odonus niger (B), probionts [Lactobacillus acidophilus (C1) or yeast-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (C2)] or biomedicinal herbal products (D) that have anti-stress, growth-promoting and anti-microbial characteristics. P. monodon postlarvae fed unenriched Artemia exhibited the lowest weight gain (227.9 ± 8.30 mg) and specific growth rate (9.95 ± 0.05%), while those fed the HUFA-enriched
Artemia (B) exhibited the highest weight gain and specific growth rate (362.34 ± 12.56 mg and 11.77 ± 0.08%, respectively). At the
end of the 25-day rearing experiment, the shrimp postlarvae (PL40) were subjected to a salinity stress study. At both low
and high (0 and 50‰) salinities, the group fed the control diet (A) experienced the highest cumulative mortality indices (CMI)
935.7 ± 2.1 and 1270.7 ± 3.1, respectively. Those fed diet D showed the lowest stress-induced mortality, and CMI were reduced
by 31.1 and 32.3% under conditions of low and high salinity stress, respectively. A 10-day disease challenge test was conducted
with the P. monodon postlarvae (PL40–PL50) by inoculating the shrimp with the pathogen Vibrio harveyi at the rate of 105–107 CFU/ml in all rearing tanks. P. monodon postlarvae fed probiont-encapsulated Artemia diets (C1 and C2) exhibited the highest survival (94.3 and 82.3%, respectively) and lowest pathogen load (V. harveyi) in hepatopancreas (5.2 × 102 ± 9.0 × 10 and 4.6 × 102 ± 9.0 × 10 CFU g−1, respectively) and muscle (2.0 × 102 ± 6 × 10 and 1.7 × 102 ± 8.6 × 10 CFU g−1, respectively) tissues. The shrimp that were fed the unenriched Artemia (Control; A) showed the lowest survival (26.33%) and highest bacterial load in the hepatopancreas (1.0 × 105 ± 5 × 103 CFU g−1) and muscle (3.6 × 104 ± 6 × 102 CFU g−1). The shrimp fed the herbal product (D)-enriched Artemia also exhibited enhanced survival and reduced V. harveyi load in the tissues tested compared to the control diet (A) group. The results are discussed in terms of developing a quality
larval feed to produce healthy shrimp larvae. 相似文献
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a special crop plant that underwent anthropogenic evolution from a wild grass species to an important food, fodder, and energy crop. Unlike any other grass species which were selected for their kernels, sugarcane was selected for its high stem sucrose accumulation. Flowering in sugarcane is not favored since flowering diverts the stored sugar resources for the reproductive and developmental energy needs. Cultivars are vegetatively propagated and sugarcane breeding is still essentially focused on conventional methods, since the knowledge of sugarcane genetics has lagged that of other major crops. Cultivar improvement has been extremely challenging due to its polyploidy and aneuploidy nature derived from a few interspecific hybridizations between Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum, revealing the coexistence of two distinct genome organization modes in the modern variety. Alongside implementation of modern agricultural techniques, generation of hybrid clones, transgenics and genome edited events will help to meet the ever-growing bioenergy needs. Additionally, there are two common biotechnological approaches to improve plant stress tolerance, which includes marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genetic transformation. During the past two decades, the use of molecular approaches has contributed greatly to a better understanding of the genetic and biochemical basis of plant stress-tolerance and in some cases, it led to the development of plants with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress. Hence, this review mainly intends on the events that shaped the sugarcane as what it is now and what challenges ahead and measures taken to further improve its yield, production and maximize utilization to beat the growing demands.
The allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (gum tree) fresh and dried leaf leachates was studied using two perennial weeds, viz. purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers) as test weeds. Aqueous leachate of fresh leaves of eucalyptus significantly suppressed the establishment of vegetative propagules and early seedling growth of the weeds. Leachate of fresh leaf cuttings had growth inhibitory effect on bermuda grass but showed growth promotion effect on purple nutsedge. Similarly the leachate of dried leaves of eucalyptus had differential influence on the growth of the two weeds. There is a possibility to harness the allelochemicals of eucalyptus leaves as herbicides for the management of these perennial weeds. 相似文献
This study was conducted to determine the existence of soil bacteria in soil by soil microbial fuel cell (SMFC). The main objectives were (1) to differentiate the type of soil which will influence the electricity production, (2) to demonstrate the impact of different volume of soil in the MFC and feeding MFC for long-term electricity production, and (3) to conclude that electricity production is directly proportional to the biofilm formation on the anode surface.
Materials and methods
MudWatt kits were purchased from Keego Technologies USA, and 22 identical SMFCs were designed to study the electricity production from agricultural soil (S1) and vermicompost soil (S2). Ten milliliters of bioslurry is fed in SMFC to study the stability of electricity production at different stages. Microbes were isolated and characterized from the surface of the electrode. Biofilm analyses were done by high-content screening (HCS) system using 10 μl of acridine orange (100 μg/ml) at different stages of biofilm, and scanning electron microscopy is applied to confirm the matured biofilm on the surface of the anode.
Results and discussion
Application of bioslurry at different stages of electricity production conquers the normal energy recovery of the SMFCs and S2 soil with bioslurry sample produced the highest open circuit voltage (OCV) of 2.8 V (460 days) and S1 soil sample with bioslurry produced 1.7 V (364 days). The difference between SMFCs and MudWatt kits significantly confirms that increasing the volume of soil in the anode part increases the electricity production. The maximum OCV of S1 and S2 in MudWatt kits were 1.5 V (90 days) and 1.8 V (190 days), respectively. Increased volume of soil in our SMFCs produce maximum OCV of 1.8 V (S1 for 173 days) and 2.2 V (S2 for 240 days), and HCS analysis of biofilm at different stages reveals that electricity production is directly proportional to the biofilm formation.
Conclusions
Thus, it was concluded that the nature of soil and soil bacterium is important for the electricity production, and S2 soil sample produces maximum electricity than the S1 soil sample. Feeding of SMFCs with bioslurry aids the long-term and stabilized electricity production in both the soil samples.
Six strains of Fusarium verticillioides, two of F. oxysporum, one strain of F. proliferatum, and a strain of an unidentified species were cultured on maize patties and rice and evaluated for their ability to simultaneously produce fumonisin B (FB) and C (FC) series analogues. Fumonisins were quantified by LC-MS-MS using positive ion electrospray ionization. FC1 provided characteristic fragment ions at m/z 690, 672, 654, 532, 514, and 338 corresponding to sequential loss of H2O and tricarboxylic acid moieties from the alkyl backbone, while FC3 and FC4 provided equivalent product ions 16 and 32 amu lower than the corresponding FC1 fragments, respectively. All isolates cultured on maize produced FC4. All isolates except for that of F. proliferatum also produced FC1, and three of the six strains of F. verticillioides produced FC3. All isolates except those of F. oxysporum produced detectable amounts of FB1, FB2, and FB3. Isolates that produced fumonisin B analogues produced at least 10 fold more of the B series analogues than they did of the C series analogues. The results confirm that at least some strains of F. oxysporum produce FC, but not FB, fumonisin analogues and also suggest that the genetics and physiological regulation of fumonisin production may be more complicated than previously envisaged since some strains of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum as well as the strain of the unidentified species can simultaneously produce both FB and FC analogues. 相似文献
Significant differences were observed for leaf net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, nitrate reductase activity, stomatal frequency and specific leaf mass among ten greengram cultivars. Leaf net photosynthetic rate had significant positive correlation with soluble protein, nitrate reductase activity, stomatal frequency and specific leaf mass. Leaf net photosynthetic rate had no relationship with leaf chlorophyll content in greengram. 相似文献