Long‐Term Tillage and Cropping System Effects on Chemical and Biochemical Characteristics of Soil Organic Matter in a Mediterranean Semiarid Environment     

Vito Armando Laudicina  Agata Novara  Vito Barbera  Markus Egli  Luigi Badalucco 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2015,26(1):45-53

Several studies have reported how tillage and cropping systems affect quantity, quality, and distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) along the profile. However, the effect of soil management on the chemical structure of SOM and on its hydrophobic and hydrophilic components has been little investigated. In this work, the long‐term (19 years) effects of two cropping systems (wheat monoculture and wheat/faba bean rotation) and three tillage managements (conventional, reduced, and no tillage) on some chemical characteristics of SOM and their relationships with labile carbon (C) pools were evaluated. Soil samples were taken from the topsoil (0–15 cm) of a Chromic Haploxerert (central Sicily, Italy). After 19 years of different tillage and cropping systems management, total organic C significantly differed among treatments with the labile organic C pools showing the greater amount in no till and in wheat/faba bean plots. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic components of SOM, determined by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, were mainly affected by cropping system, whereas aromatic components of SOM by tillage. Soil organic matter components and characteristics showed significant correlations with the soil biochemical parameters, confirming the expected synergism between chemical and biochemical properties. This study demonstrated that (i) no tillage and crop rotation improve the chemical and biochemical properties of SOM of Vertisols under semiarid environment; and (ii) tillage management and cropping systems have affected, after 19 years, more the chemical and biochemical properties of SOM than its quantity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Solitary intraventricular tumors in dogs and cats treated with radiotherapy alone or combined with ventriculoperitoneal shunts: A retrospective descriptive case series     

Katrin Beckmann  Malwina Kowalska  Valeria Meier 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2023,37(1):204-215

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Comparative study of health properties and nutritional value of durian, mangosteen, and snake fruit: experiments in vitro and in vivo     

Haruenkit R  Poovarodom S  Leontowicz H  Leontowicz M  Sajewicz M  Kowalska T  Delgado-Licon E  Rocha-Guzmán NE  Gallegos-Infante JA  Trakhtenberg S  Gorinstein S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(14):5842-5849

In vitro and in vivo studies of the health and nutritional properties of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) were compared with snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw.) and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Dietary fibers, minerals, and trace metals were comparable. Total polyphenols (mg of GAE/100 g of FW) and flavonoids (85.1+/-6.1) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in snake fruit (217.1+/-13.2 (mg of CE/100 g of FW)), durian (309.7+/-19.3 and 61.2+/-4.9), and mangosteen (190.3+/-12.1 and 54.1+/-3.8). Antioxidant activity (microM TE/100 g of FW) of durian measured by DPPH and ABTS assays (228.2+/-13.4 and 2016.3+/-81.1) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in snake fruit (110.4+/-7.9 and 1507.5+/-70.1) and mangosteen (79.1+/-5.9 and 1268.6+/-62.3). HPLC/DAD analysis of durian (microg/100 g of FW) showed that quercetin (1214.23+/-116.7) was present at levels three times that of caffeic acid, and twice as high as p-coumaric and cinnamic acids. The correlation coefficients between the bioactive compounds of fruits and their antioxidant activities were high (R2=0.99). Male Wistar rats (25) were divided into five dietary groups: the control group was fed the basal diet (BD); in addition to BD, the cholesterol (Chol) group was supplemented with 1% of Chol; the diets of the Chol/Durian, Chol/Snake, and Chol/Mangosteen groups were supplemanted with 5% of these fruits, respectively. It was found that diets supplemented with durian, and to a lesser degree with snake fruit and mangosteen, significantly hindered the rise in plasma lipids and the decrease in antioxidant activity. The nutritional values were comparably high. In conclusion, it could be suggested that inclusion of studied tropical fruits, especially durian, in known disease-preventing diets could be beneficial.  相似文献   

Influence of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on nonspecific humoral defense mechanisms and protection against furunculosis in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)     

Andrzej K Siwicki  Zdzis&#;aw Zak&#;&#;  John C Fuller Jr    Steven Nissen  Sylwia Trapkowska  Edward G&#;&#;bski  Agata Kowalska  Krzytof Kazu&#;  & El&#;bieta Terech-Majewska 《Aquaculture Research》2006,37(2):127-131

Studies have shown that in both in vitro and in vivo tests, β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate (HMB) increases the nonspecific cellular and humoral immune response and protection against diseases in animals. The present study examines the influence of HMB on nonspecific humoral defense mechanisms and protection against furunculosis in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate was fed in a pelleted ration of 50 mg kg^?1 feed day^?1 for 4 weeks. Blood was drawn from 12 HMB‐fed and control‐fed pikeperch. The lysozyme and ceruloplasmin activities in the plasma, total immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, and total serum protein were analysed prior to and then after 2 and 4 weeks of HMB ingestion. After 4 weeks of HMB ingestion, a challenge test was performed by injecting the fish with live pathogenic Aeromonas salmonicida bacteria. β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate at a dose of 50 mg kg^?1 feed resulted in a statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in the lysozyme activity of the plasma, total Ig, and serum protein levels. Additionally, reduced mortality (40%) after the in vivo challenge with pathogenic A. salmonicida suggested that HMB‐activated nonspecific protection against furunculosis in pikeperch.  相似文献   

Characterization of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase activase (Rca) genes in durum wheat     

Nigro  Domenica  Giove  Stefania L.  Colasuonno  Pasqualina  de Pinto  Roberta  Marcotuli  Ilaria  Gadaleta  Agata 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2022,69(6):2191-2202

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var. durum) is one of the most widely cultivated cereal crop in the Mediterranean area. Its production has been triggered by...  相似文献   

Evaluation of Root Sink Ability of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) Cultivars on the Basis of Enzymatic Activity in the Starch Synthesis Pathway   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Yatomi  F. Kubota  K. Saito  W. Agata 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1996,177(1):17-23

Activities of five enzymes, sucrose synthase (SUS), uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPGPPase), fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase (FBPase), adenosine 5'diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPPase) and starch synthase (STS), in the metabolic pathway of starch synthesis, were compared between two sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas Lam.) cultivars, Koganesengan (C.V.KOG, a recently released high yield cultivar) and Tsurunasigenji (C.V.TSU, an old, local cultivar with poor yield). The measurements were carried out using the root samples (tuberous, thick and fibrous roots) harvested at the fast tubering stage. Of the five enzymes, SUS, ADPGPPase and STS showed high activities in the tuberous root, particularly in that of C.V.KOG, and a similar trend was observed for activities of these enzymes on a protein basis. The increased activity of the three enzymes is considered to be one of the characteristics in a high yield cultivar, allowing the root to function effectively as a starch synthesis and storage organ.  相似文献   

Characterization of dinucleotide and trinucleotide EST-derived microsatellites in the wheat genome   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Agata Gadaleta  Giacomo Mangini  Giuseppina Mulè  Antonio Blanco 《Euphytica》2007,153(1-2):73-85

Over the past decade microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have attracted a considerable amount of attention from researchers. The aim of the present paper was to analyse expressed sequence tag-derived SSR (EST-SSR) marker variability in wheat and to investigate the relationships between the number and type of repeat units and the level of microsatellite polymorphism. Two hundred and forty-one new EST-SSR markers available in a public database () were characterized in eight durum wheat cultivars (Svevo, Ciccio, Primadur, Duilio, Meridiano, Claudio, Latino, Messapia), two accessions of Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides (MG4343, MG29896), one accession of T. turgidum var. dicoccum (MG5323) and in the common wheat cv. Chinese Spring. Of these, 201 primer pairs (83.4%) amplified PCR products successfully, while the remaining 40 (16.6%) failed to amplify any product. Of the EST-SSRs analysed, 45.2% of the primer pairs amplified one or two PCR products. Multiple discrete PCR products were observed among both di- and trinucleotide EST-SSR markers (31.2 and 40.5%, respectively). Markers based on dinucleotide microsatellites were more polymorphic than those based on trinucleotide SSRs in the 12 wheat genotypes tested (68.9 and 52.7%, respectively). An average of 2.5 alleles for dinucleotide and 2.0 alleles for trinucleotide SSRs was observed. The data reported in the present work indicate the presence of a significant relationship between motif sequence types and polymorphism. The primer set based on the AG repeat motif showed the lowest percentage of polymorphism (55.0%), while the primer set based on the AC repeat motif showed t he highest percentage (85.0%). Among trinucleotide SSRs, the AGG microsatellite markers showed the highest percentage of polymorphism (70.0%), and the ACG motif the lowest value (25.0%). The characterization of these new EST-SSR markers and the results of our studyon the effect of repeat number and type of motifs could have important applications in the genetic analysis of agronomically important traits, quantitative trait locus discovery and marker-assisted selection.  相似文献   

Lactones. 21. Synthesis and odoriferous properties of lactones with the p-menthane system     

Dams I  Bialoniska A  Ciunik Z  Wawrzenczyk C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(6):1630-1634

Starting from (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-pulegone, enantiomeric pairs of esters and lactones with the p-menthane system were obtained. The Claisen rearrangement of allylic alcohols and iodolactonization of gamma,delta-unsaturated acids were the key steps of syntheses presented. The structures of compounds were determined by both spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. Some of the synthesized compounds are characterized by interesting odoriferous properties.  相似文献   

Effects of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate and γ-Oryzanol on Blood Biochemical Markers in Exercising Thoroughbred Race Horses     

Piotr Ostaszewski  Agnieszka Kowalska  Ewa Szarska  Piotr Szpotański  Anna Cywinska  Bożena Bałasińska  Tomasz Sadkowski 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2012

In both the horse and the man, nutritional ergogenic aids have been used to improve physical ability in conjunction with an appropriate training regimen. Although training increases physical condition, the ease of taking a nutritional additive to improve training results explains the demand for supplementation, which may increase mechanical energy of work, delay onset of fatigue, or improve neuromuscular coordination. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of oral supplementation of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and γ-oryzanol (GO) on indices of exercise-induced muscle damage in Thoroughbred race horses. In this 32-week study, the horses were assigned to either a placebo, GO (3.0 g/d), HMB (15 g/d), or GO and HMB treatment groups. The supplements were administered for the first 16 weeks of the study during the training period before the racing season began. Blood samples were taken at baseline, and then during training, before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 30 minutes after exercise. Heart rate and speed were monitored in each exercise session. Hematocrit, glucose, lactate (LA), creatine phosphokinase, and aspartate aminotransferase were measured before and after each exercise session. Analysis of variance showed a significantly greater increase in postexercise creatine kinase activity in placebo-supplemented group than in the other treatment groups, both in the training period and during the racing seasons (P < .05). Blood LA was higher immediately after exercise in the placebo group compared with the supplemented groups. In conclusion, supplementation with HMB and GO resulted in decreased creatine kinase and LA after exercise. These findings support the hypothesis that HMB and GO supplementation helps to prevent exercise-induced muscle damage.  相似文献   

TRAP molecular markers as a system for saturation of the genetic map of durum wheat     

Virginia Menzo  Angelica Giancaspro  Stefania Giove  Domenica Nigro  Silvana Zacheo  Pasqualina Colasuonno  Ilaria Marcotuli  Ornella Incerti  Antonio Blanco  Agata Gadaleta 《Euphytica》2013,194(2):151-160

Target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) is a relatively new PCR-based technique that detects large numbers of loci in a single reaction without extensive pre-PCR processing of samples. The aim of this study was to integrate TRAP markers in an EST-derived SSR linkage map of a RIL mapping population from the cross of the durum wheat cultivars Ciccio and Svevo, for a more general purpose of establishing a high-throughput system for genetic map saturation. Primer combinations producing PCR products with at least 4–5 polymorphic bands were selected and analyzed across the mapping population. The PCR reactions produced a total of 2,881 fragments with an average of 52 peaks per reaction. A total of 142 new TRAP markers were mapped and found to be randomly distributed in the genome. The total length of the map was 2,043.0 cM, with an average chromosome length of 145.9 cM. Homoeologous group one had the highest number of TRAP markers (38 loci) and the longest map length (407.9 cM) for a total of 87 markers, while the homoeologous group five had the lowest TRAP marker number (5 loci) and the shortest map length (232.5 cM). The distribution of markers among the seven homoeologous groups was random. The results indicate that TRAP is highly efficient in genetic mapping, generating a large number of markers scattered across the genome. This closes many existing gaps in marker coverage and may join otherwise separate linkage groups.  相似文献