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1.

US strategy for forest management adaptation to climate change: building a framework for decision making

V. Alaric Sample Jessica E. Halofsky David L. Peterson 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(2):125-130

Context

Recent policy changes in the USA direct agencies managing federal forests to analyze the potential effects of climate change on forest productivity, water resource protection, wildlife habitat, biodiversity, and other values.

Aims

This paper describes methods developed to (1) assess current risks, vulnerabilities, and gaps in knowledge; (2) engage internal agency resources and external partners in the development of options and solutions; and (3) manage forest resources for resilience, not just in terms of natural ecosystems but in affected human communities as well.

Methods

We describe an approach designed to characterize certain climate change effects on forests, and estimate the effectiveness of response options ranging from resistance to a realignment of management objectives.

Results

Field testing on a 6,300 km² area of conifer forest in the northwestern USA shows this decision model to be useful and cost-effective in identifying the highest sensitivities relating to vegetation management, biological diversity, water resources and forest transportation systems, and building consensus for adaptive strategies and actions.

Conclusions

Results suggest that this approach is an effective means for guiding management decisions to adapt to the effects of climate change, and provides an empirical basis for setting budgetary and management priorities. 相似文献

2.

Forcing vine regrowth and shifting fruit ripening in a warm region to enhance fruit quality in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

S. Gu S. D. Jacobs B. S. Mccarthy H. L. Gohil 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(4):287-292

Summary

In warmer regions, winegrapes ripen their fruit during the hottest portion of the growing season, producing wines of high pH, low acidity, less intense colour, and a less complex flavour. Experiments were conducted in a commercial vineyard of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ at Fresno, CA, USA in 2009, and in 2010, to determine if vines could be forced to enhance fruit quality. Forcing was conducted by hedging growing shoots to six nodes and removing summer laterals, leaves, and primary clusters between 14 – 70 d after anthesis in late-May, June, and July. Vines grown under conventional practices were used as controls. Forcing in June shifted fruit ripening from the hot (July and August) to the cool (October through early-November) portion of the growing season, a period with more hours at lower, more favourable temperatures. Fruit from the forced crop had smaller berries, a lower pH, higher acidity, and higher contents of anthocyanins, tannins, and total phenolics, compared with non-forced fruit. The yield and vigour of forced vines were comparable to, or slightly lower than, control vines. The best forcing treatment consisted of hedging growing shoots to six nodes and removing summer laterals, leaves, and primary clusters. Our study demonstrates the potential of forcing to address the detrimental effects of high temperatures on fruit quality in warmer regions of winegrape production. 相似文献

3.

PCR analysis of bisulfite-modified DNA to investigate developmental variation in micropropagated potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)

S. M. Joyce P. Vaughan T. V. Mccarthy A. C. Cassells 《Potato Research》1999,42(3-4):549-558

Summary Bisulfite modification of DNA from potato leaves showing juvenile and mature leaf morphologies and from leaves of autotrophic and heterotrophic microplants showing different morphologies was carried out to deaminate cytosine residues while leaving 5-methylcytosine residues intact. RAPD analysis of the DNA was then performed using selective primers; firstly, with a 50–70% GC content and subsequently with a 50–70% AT content which contained CG or CA 3' ends. Three of the 4 primers used detected band polymorphisms in the juvenile versus mature leaves and all four primers detected band polymorphisms in the autotrophic·versus heterotrophic in vitro leaf samples. These results indicate differences in methylation in the different paired DNA samples. The hypothesised increase in band numbers in the relatively less mature samples was confirmed for both the in vivo and in vitro leaf samples; a higher number of bands was amplified from the DNA of the leaves from heterotrophic cultures compared with those from autotrophic culture when the results for all primer sets were grouped. however, this trend did not apply to the results from all the individual primers. The application of this approach to the evaluation of in vitro protocols for potato micropropagation is discussed. 相似文献

4.

Local people see and care most? Severe depletion of inshore fisheries and its consequences for Māori communities in New Zealand

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Alaric Mccarthy Chris Hepburn Nigel Scott Katja Schweikert Rachel Turner Henrik Moller 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2014,24(3):369-390

5.

The relationship between physical activity and leg health in the broiler chicken

Miss L. Sherlock T.G.M. Demmers A.E. Goodship I.D. Mccarthy C.M. Wathes 《British poultry science》2010,51(1):22-30

1.?The relationship between the physical activity and leg health of broiler chickens was assessed on a semi-commercial scale.

2.?Three batches of birds (2128 per batch) were raised under two lighting regimes during the photoperiod; either a step-wise change of light intensity alternating between an illuminance of 200 and 10 lx or a constant illuminance of 10 lx. The activity of focal individuals (24 per batch) was observed at 2, 4 and 6 weeks of age, and leg health assessed weekly, based on gait score, the prevalence of burns on the hock and foot pad, and angulation and rotation of the leg at the intertarsal joint. Cortical bone density and thickness and area moments of inertia of the mid-physis tibiotarsus were measured post mortem at 6 weeks of age.

3.?The step-wise change in light intensity did not affect overall performance, activity or leg health.

4.?An individual bird's activity did not affect its gait score, the prevalence of hock burn or foot pad burn, cortical density or thickness or shape of the tibiotarsus. Sex of the bird was the only factor to affect significantly the area moment of inertia in the horizontal and vertical planes of the tibiotarsus, with females showing a lower moment of inertia for both. No variable had a significant effect on cortical density or thickness. Mean cortical density was low across all birds and may indicate that, when allowed to move freely as much or as little as they choose, broiler chickens do not exercise enough or do not perform the higher impact activities required to affect bone quality.

5.?These findings imply that the activity of broiler chickens raised on a semi-commercial scale is unaffected by step-wise changes in light intensity and that other husbandry measures are needed to raise activity and hence improve leg health. 相似文献