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Nivaldo Peroni Paulo Yoshio Kageyama Alpina Begossi 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(6):1333-1349
This study focuses the inter-relationships among the men, the use, and the intra-specific cassava diversity, under the perspective
of this crop evolutionary dynamics. The origin, the use and the current local management of varieties with high and low cyanogenic
potential are important questions around cassava domestication. We collected 169 local varieties identified as “sweet” or
“bitter” cassava by traditional farmers from Atlantic Forest and Amazon (Medium Negro River Basin), Brazil. Using a population
genetics and an ethnobotany approach, the diversity and the genetic structure of cassava were evaluated. We found a total
of 115 vernacular names, and in the Atlantic Forest sample the average genetic diversity (H
S = 0.654) was higher for the sweet varieties than for bitter ones (0.582). The genetic differentiation coefficient (R
ST), used to estimate the diversity among groups, was 0.057 (P < 0.001), indicating that the divergence between the two groups is low. We obtained a low correlation between the morphological
and genetic distances, and the congruence was high when the ethnoclassification and the genetic structure were considered.
We discuss the adaptive advantages of the sweet varieties use, the current socio-economic changes in bitter varieties use,
and the ecological history of these variety groups. 相似文献
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Priscila F. M. Lopes Carolina Tavares de Freitas Gustavo Hallwass Renato A. M. Silvano Alpina Begossi João Vitor Campos-Silva 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(12):1190-1205
- Governance of natural resources in the Amazon has changed over time, especially when it comes to participatory regimes. Yet these regimes have rarely focused on the conservation of aquatic systems or have failed to fully deliver social justice.
- Participatory regimes in the Amazon basin that rely on the provision of freshwater ecosystem services can potentially favour transformative and just conservation. A framework referred to as the ‘Just Aquatic Governance’ model is proposed to organize and facilitate the transition of continuing and future endeavours that seek conservation while also supporting distinct aspects of social justice.
- If conservation of aquatic systems can be reconciled with all aspects of social justice, then transformative and just governance regimes could emerge without further burdening those at the forefront of conservation.
- The Just Aquatic Governance framework is divided into three aspects of social justice, organized according to the following pillars: (i) recognitional – support for cultural diversity and the maintenance of livelihoods, including food security; (ii) procedural – the right to autonomy and territory, and support for participatory forms of governance; and (iii) distributional – promotion of gender equality and fair distribution of economic benefits.
- Although not a panacea, the model proposed here, which can also influence policy strategies, can potentially align both conservation demands and social aspirations in the Amazon – a historical, yet still imperative, need in the region.
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- 1. This study aimed to link basic ethnobiological research on local ecological knowledge (LEK) to the conservation of Brazilian streams, based on two case studies: original data on LEK of fishermen about freshwater fish in the Negro River, Amazon, and previously published data about LEK of farmers on the ecological relationship between forest and streams in the Macabuzinho catchment, Atlantic Forest.
- 2. Information was obtained from fishermen through interviews using standard questionnaires containing open-ended questions. Informants for interview were selected either following some defined criteria or applying the ‘snowball’ method.
- 3. Fishermen's LEK about the diets and habitats of 14 fish species in the Negro River provided new biological information on plant species that are eaten by fish, in addition to confirming some ecological patterns from the biological literature, such as dependence of fish on forests as food sources.
- 4. In the Atlantic Forest, a comparison between farmers' LEK and a rapid stream assessment in the farmers' properties indicated that farmers tended to overestimate the ecological integrity of their streams. Farmers recognized at least 11 forest attributes that correspond to the scientific concept of ecosystem services. Such information may be useful to promote or enhance dialogue among farmers, scientists and managers.
- 5. These results may contribute to the devising of ecosystem management measures in the Negro River, aimed to conserve both rivers and their associated floodplain forests, involving local fishermen. In the Atlantic Forest, we proposed some initiatives, such as to allow direct economic use of their forests to conciliate conflicting perceptions of farmers about ecological benefits versus economic losses from reforestation. Despite their cultural, environmental and geographical differences, the two study cases are complementary and cost-effective and promising approaches to including LEK in the design of ecological research.
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