Dendrometric analysis of olive trees for wood biomass quantification in Mediterranean orchards   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Borja Velázquez-Martí  I. López Cortés  D. M. Salazar-Hernández 《Agroforestry Systems》2014,88(5):755-765

This work focuses on the development of dendrometric algorithms to calculate the volume and total biomass contained in olive trees. This laid the foundation for the use of this methodology as a tool to manage resources from orchards, establishing adequate prediction models for assessing other parameters such as income from raw materials from the cultivation, fruit production, CO₂ sinks, and waste materials (residual wood) used for energy or industry. Dendrometry has traditionally been applied to forest trees. However, little research has been conducted on fruit trees because of their heterogeneous structure. This issue was the first step of this research. For this, the form factors were calculated. This relates to the actual volume of the branch with a model volume, calculated as a revolution solid from the base diameter and length. The shape more approximated to 1 was the cylinder model with a mean value of 0.76 and standard deviation (SD) of 0.23. On the other hand, volume equations were obtained for the branches. The distribution of biomass in the tree was analyzed. It is estimated that 40 % of biomass is located in the stem and 60 % in the crown, and most of the crown biomass is concentrated in the first branches (60 %). Afterwards, occupation factors were calculated to relate the wood volume in the crown to its apparent volume, the mean being 0.005 dm³/m³ and SD 0.0025 dm³/m³. Also, equations for predicting the whole wood in the crown were obtained. In this regard, the best results were obtained when the crown diameter was used (R ² = 0.74). These results could be correlated with the production and quality of the fruit, amount of residual biomass coming from pruning, and LIDAR data, which may indicate a simple, quick, and accurate method for predicting biomass.  相似文献   

Identification of resistant germplasm containing novel resistance genes at or tightly linked to the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pi2/9</Emphasis> locus conferring broad-spectrum resistance against rice blast     

Gui Xiao  Frances Nikki Borja  Ramil Mauleon  Jonas Padilla  Mary Jeanie Telebanco-Yanoria  Jianxia Yang  Guodong Lu  Maribel Dionisio-Sese  Bo Zhou 《Rice》2017,10(1):37

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Pigmentation of the aortic and pulmonary valves in C57BL/6J x Balb/cByJ hybrid mice of different coat colours     

Jaira Snchez‐Pia  Miguel Lorenzale  María Carmen Fernndez  Ana C. Durn  Valentín Sans‐Coma  Borja Fernndez 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2019,48(5):429-436

Neural crest‐derived melanocytes have been recorded in several parts of the mammalian heart but not in the pulmonary valve. We report here the presence of melanin‐containing cells in the leaflets (cusps) of both the aortic and pulmonary valves. A total of 158 C57BL/6J x Balb/cByJ hybrid mice exhibiting four coat colours, namely black, white, agouti and non‐agouti brown, were examined. We sought for any relationship between the presence of melanocytes in the valves and the coat colour of the animals. The pigmentation levels of the leaflets were accomplished using a scale of five pigment intensities. White mice lacked pigment in the heart. In 10.5% of the remaining animals, there were melanocytes in the pulmonary valve leaflets. Thus, this is the first study to report the presence of such cells in the pulmonary valve of mammals. Melanocytes occurred in the leaflets of the aortic valves of 87.2% of mice. The incidence of melanocytes and the pigmentation level of the leaflets did not statistically differ according to the coat colours of the animals. This disagrees with previous observations, indicating that the amount of melanocytes in the heart reflects that of the skin. The incidence and distribution of melanocytes in aortic and pulmonary valves are consistent with the notion that the formation of the arterial valves is mediated by specific subpopulations of neural crest cells. We hypothesize that melanocytes, even not producing melanin, may be more frequent in the heart than previously thought, exerting presumably an immunological function.  相似文献   

The benthic impacts of a large cod farm — Are there indicators for environmental sustainability?     

Thomas D. Nickell  Chris J. Cromey  ngel Borja  Kenneth D. Black 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2009,295(3-4):226-237

A cod farm in Vidlin Voe, Shetland was at the time of the study the largest cod farm in Europe, and was started in 2003. Run according to organic principles, the farm consisted of 17  32 m diameter cages in the 3 km long sea loch (locally known as voe), which though extremely exposed at the mouth, is sheltered near the cages.Benthic macrofauna and physical/chemical sediment parameters were measured in the summer months of 2004, 2005 and 2006 as biomass increased in the growing cycle. A range of biotic indices showed the benthic environment was enriched at peak biomass of the farm, but by contrast, surficial CHN levels and organic matter were low and uniform. The commonly used sediment indicators redox, total organic carbon and total organic nitrogen did not correlate well with biotic indicators at this site. Predictions from a near-field particle tracking and resuspension model (CODMOD) and a simple nutrient enhancement box model of the voe system (Equilibrium Concentration Enhancement (ECE) model), were used to assess the assimilative capacity of the system.  相似文献   

The valves of the cardiac outflow tract of the starry ray,Raja asterias (Chondrichthyes; Rajiformes): Anatomical,histological and evolutionary aspects     

Miguel Lorenzale  Borja Fernndez  Ana Carmen Durn  Miguel A. Lpez‐Unzu  Valentín Sans‐Coma 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2019,48(1):40-45

The cardiac outflow tract of chondrichthyans is composed of the myocardial conus arteriosus, equipped with valves at its luminal side, and the bulbus arteriosus devoid of myocardium. Knowledge of the histomorphology of the conal valves is scarce despite their importance in preventing blood backflow to the heart. Current information on the subject refers to a single shark species. The present report is the first to describe the structure of the conal valves of a batoid species, namely, Raja asterias. Hearts from seven starry rays were examined using scanning electron microscopy and histochemical techniques for light microscopy. In all hearts, the conus showed four transverse rows of three pocket‐like valves each. Each valve was composed of a leaflet and its supporting sinus. The leaflet had a stout central body, rich in glycosaminoglycans, which contained fibroblasts, collagen and elastin. The central body was surrounded by two thin fibrous layers, outer and inner, formed mainly by collagen. The valves of the anterior row, which were the largest of the valvular system, were attached proximally to the conus arteriosus and distally to the bulbus arteriosus, and not to the ventral aorta as previously reported for chondrichthyans. The arrangement of the anterior valves in the starry ray is an anatomical pattern that apparently has been preserved throughout the evolution of vertebrates.  相似文献   

Anaerobic digestion of wastewater derived from the pressing of orange peel generated in orange juice production     

Siles JA  de Los Angeles Martín M  Martín A  Raposo F  Borja R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(5):1905-1914

A study of the anaerobic digestion of wastewater from the pressing of orange peel generated in orange juice production was carried out in a laboratory-scale completely stirred tank reactor at mesophilic temperature (37 degrees C). Prior to anaerobic treatment the raw wastewater was subjected to physicochemical treatment using aluminum sulfate as a flocculant and to pH reduction using a solution of sulfuric acid. The reactor was batch fed at COD loads of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0 g of COD. The process was very stable for all of the loads studied, with mean pH and alkalinity values of 7.5 and 3220 mg of CaCO3/L, respectively. The anaerobic digestion of this substrate was found to follow a first-order kinetic model, from which the specific rate constants for methane production, K(G), were determined. The K(G) values decreased considerably from 0.0672 to 0.0078 L/(g h) when the COD load increased from 1.5 to 5.0 g of COD, indicating an inhibition phenomenon in the system studied. The proposed model predicted the behavior of the reactor very accurately, showing deviations of <5% between the experimental and theoretical values of methane production. The methane yield coefficient was found to be 295 mL of CH4 STP/g of COD removed, whereas the mean biodegradability of the substrate (TOC) was 88.2%. A first-order kinetic model for substrate (TOC) consumption allowed determination of the specific rate constants for substrate uptake, K(C), which also decreased with increasing loading, confirming the above-mentioned inhibition process. Finally, the evolution of the individual volatile fatty acid concentrations (acetic, C2; propionic, C3; butyric, C4; isobutyric, iC4; valeric, C5; isovaleric, iC5; and caproic, C6) with digestion time for all loads used was also studied. The main acids generated were acetic and propionic for all loads studied, facilitating the conversion into methane.  相似文献   

Environmental factors and recruitment of mackerel, Scomber scombrus L. 1758, along the north-east Atlantic coasts of Europe     

A. Borja  A. Uriarte  & J. Egaña 《Fisheries Oceanography》2002,11(2):116-127

Increasingly, scientific publications refer to some of the environmental factors affecting the recruitment in fish species. However, presently, there is little information available concerning the influence of the environment on the recruitment of Scomber scombrus, the North-east Atlantic mackerel (NEAM). In this contribution, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), upwelling and turbulent mixing (or `turbulence') series were compared with recruitment estimates, at age-0. The results show that the southern prespawning migration pattern of the Atlantic mackerel is directed towards areas with low turbulent mixing at spawning time, providing a `stable environment' for egg and larval survival. In the southern areas, where the spawning starts, the turbulence conditions of prespawning and spawning periods have the largest influence on the success of recruitment; this is related, possibly, to the more `stable' weather in the subsequent months and for the remainder of the year. In contrast, in the northern areas, the role of turbulence over the entire year becomes increasingly more relevant; this is related, possibly, to the high levels of turbulence during autumn and winter, which may become limiting to the survival of juveniles. About 50% of the variability in the Atlantic mackerel recruitment may be explained by means of environmental variables, such as turbulence. Other variables, such as upwelling and NAO, are only slightly, or not, statistically significant.  相似文献   

Cochliomyia hominivorax myiasis in a colony of stray cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in Rio de Janeiro, RJ     

Mendes-de-Almeida F  Labarthe N  Guerrero J  Landau-Remy G  Rodrigues DP  Borja GE  Pereira MJ 《Veterinary parasitology》2007,146(3-4):376-378

Cochliomyia hominivorax infestation in domestic cats of an urban colony in the city of Rio de Janeiro is described. The overall prevalence over the period 2001-2005 was 12.5%. Only adult cats were found infested and among these, most cases were observed in males (28%) (p < or = 0.05). The most frequently infested areas of the cats' bodies were the face and nape of the neck. Most lesions were found on the front part of the body of adult males (80%), suggesting that myiasis occur in consequence of competitive fighting wounds.  相似文献   

Kinetics for substrate utilization and methane production during the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of two phases olive pomace (TPOP)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Borja R  Martín A  Rincón B  Raposo F 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(11):3390-3395

A kinetic study of the anaerobic digestion process of two phases olive pomace (TPOP) was carried out in a laboratory-scale completely stirred tank reactor at mesophilic temperature (35 degrees C). The reactor was operated at influent substrate concentrations of 34.5 (substrate I), 81.1 (substrate II), 113.1 (substrate III), and 150.3 g COD/L (substrate IV). The hydraulic retention times (HRT) ranged between 8.3 and 40.0 days for the most diluted substrate (I) and between 10 and 50 days for the other three influent substrate concentrations used (substrates II-IV). The results obtained demonstrated that the rates of substrate uptake and methane production were correlated with the concentration of biodegradable total chemical oxygen demand (COD), through equations of the Michaelis-Menten type. A mass (COD) balance around the reactor allowed the methane yield coefficient and cell maintenance coefficient to be obtained, which gave values of 0.25 L CH(4)/g COD(t) and 0.25 days(-1), respectively. The first one was coincident to that obtained through experimental data of methane production and substrate consumption. The kinetic equations obtained and the proposed mass balance were used to simulate the anaerobic digestion process of TPOP and to obtain the theoretical COD of the reactor and methane production rates. The small deviations obtained (equal or lower than 10%) between the values calculated through the model and experimental ones suggest that the proposed model predicts the behavior of the reactor very accurately.  相似文献   

Endocrine (plasma cortisol and glucose) and behavioral (locomotor and self-feeding activity) circadian rhythms in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup 1858) exposed to light/dark cycles or constant light     

Catarina C. V. Oliveira  Rocio Aparício  Borja Blanco-Vives  Olvido Chereguini  Ignacio Martín  F. Javier Sánchez-Vazquez 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2013,39(3):479-487

The existence of daily rhythms under light/dark (LD) cycles in plasma cortisol, blood glucose and locomotor and self-feeding activities, as well as their persistence (circadian nature) under constant light (LL), was investigated in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). For the cortisol and glucose rhythms study, 48 soles were equally distributed in 8 tanks and exposed to a 12:12 LD cycle and natural water temperature (experiment 1). After an acclimation period, blood was sampled every 3 h until a 24-h cycle was completed. Blood glucose levels were measured immediately after sampling, while plasma cortisol was measured later by ELISA. In experiment 2, the fish were exposed to LL for 11 days, and after this period, the same sampling procedure was repeated. For the study of locomotor and self-feeding rhythms (experiment 3), two groups of sole were used: one exposed to LD and the other to LL. Each group was distributed within 3 tanks equipped with infrared photocells for the record of locomotor activity, and self-feeders for feeding behavior characterization. The results revealed a marked oscillation in cortisol concentrations during the daily cycle under LD, with a peak (35.65 ± 3.14 ng/ml) in the afternoon (15:00 h) and very low levels during the night (5.30 ± 1.09 ng/ml). This cortisol rhythm persisted under LL conditions, with lower values (mean cortisol concentration = 7.12 ± 1.11 ng/ml) and with the peak shifted by 3 h. Both rhythms were confirmed by COSINOR analysis (p < 0.05). The synchronizing role of temperature and feeding schedule, in addition to light, is also discussed. Diel rhythms of glucose were not evident in LD or LL. As to locomotor and self-feeding activity, a very marked rhythm was observed under LD, with higher activity observed during the night, with acrophases located at 2:14 and 3:37 h, respectively. The statistical significance of daily rhythms was confirmed by COSINOR analysis. Under LL, both feeding and locomotor rhythms persisted, with an endogenous period (τ) around 22.5 h. In short, our findings described for the first time the existence of circadian cortisol and behavioral circadian rhythms in flat fish. Such results revealed the importance of taking into account the time of day when assessing stress responses and evaluating physiological indicators of stress in fish.  相似文献