Replacement of live food with a microbound diet in feeding Litopenaeus setiferus (Burkenroad) larvae     

P P Gallardo  R Pedroza-Islas  T García-Galano  C Pascual  C Rosal  A  Sánchez  G Gaxiola 《Aquaculture Research》2002,33(9):681-691

Microbound feeds have been well accepted by shrimps and farmers in many penaeid shrimp hatcheries. The present study focused on an adequate level of replacement of Artemia nauplii and microalgae by a microbound diet for rearing Litopenaeus setiferus (Burkenroad) larvae. A microbound diet (MBD) consisting of fishmeal, squid meal, shrimp meal, yeast meal and soybean meal was used. The first experiment was designed to obtain the optimum level of MBD to complete the live feeding schedule, from Protozoea (PZ_III) to Mysis (M_III). The experimental levels of the microbound diet tested were 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg MBD L^?1 day^?1. The next step was to determine the Artemia nauplii replacement level from PZ_I to M_III by MBD. These experiments were carried out either in the presence (Experiment 2) or in the absence of algae (Experiment 3). Four replacement levels were tested: 0% (4 mg MBD L^?1 day^?1: 1 Artemia nauplii mL^?1), 40% (5.5 mg MBD L^?1 day^?1: 0.6 Artemia nauplii), 60% (6.5 mg MBD L^?1 day^?1: 0.4 Artemia nauplii) and 100% (8 mg MBD L^?1 day^?1: 0 Artemia nauplii). In all experiments growth, survival, development, quality index (QI) and performance index (PI), were used to determine the optimum concentration of microbound diet. Results showed that 6 mg MBD L^?1 day^?1 can be recommended as a complement to live food for L. setiferus larvae from PZ_III to M_III. In the presence of algae, maximum growth and survival may be obtained in 40–60% (5.5–6.5 mg MBD L^?1 day^?1) of Artemia nauplii replacement levels. In the absence of algae, the Artemia nauplii replacement resulted in slower development, less salinity resistance, lower growth and lower survival than was obtained in larvae fed with algae.  相似文献   

Effect of a size-based selection program on blood metabolites and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles fed different dietary carbohydrate levels     

Cristina Pascual  Leticia Arena  Gerard Cuzon  Gabriela Gaxiola  Gabriel Taboada  Manuel Valenzuela  Carlos Rosas   《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2004,230(1-4):405-416

Blood metabolites in wild and seventh-generation cultivated shrimp were measured to determine how size-based selection could alter the nutritional and immunological conditions of Litopenaeus vannamei. Wild L. vannamei juveniles and a sample of seventh-generation cultured shrimp were acclimated under identical conditions. During 55 days, shrimp were fed a high (HCHO: 44%) or a low (LCHO: 3%) carbohydrate diet for 55 days. Wild shrimp showed a direct relation between dietary CHO and lactate, protein and hemocyte levels indicating that dietary CHO was used for protein synthesis via transamination pathways. In seventh-generation cultured shrimp these parameters were inversely proportional to dietary CHO level, indicating the capacity to synthesize protein from dietary CHO was repressed in cultured shrimp. Farmed shrimp showed a limited capacity to respond to LCHO diets demonstrating high protein dependence in their metabolism and immune response. These results demonstrate that during size-based breeding programs other metabolic process than CHO catabolism can be selected. The incapacity of shrimp to use dietary CHO could limit protein reduction of diets and limit the efforts of the shrimp industry to be ecologically and environmentally profitable.  相似文献   

Nutritional Contribution of Biofloc within the Diet of Growout and Broodstock of Litopenaeus vannamei,Determined by Stable Isotopes and Fatty Acids          下载免费PDF全文

Edén Magaña‐Gallegos  Rodrigo González‐Zúñiga  Gerard Cuzon  Miguel Arevalo  Eduardo Pacheco  Manuel A. J. Valenzuela  Gabriela Gaxiola  Elisa Chan‐Vivas  Korinthia López‐Aguiar  Elsa Noreña‐Barroso 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2018,49(5):919-932

The relative contributions of feed sources were determined through the isotopic signal (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and fatty acid profile of feed items, shrimp muscle, and eggs of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc system. In the growout phase, the isotope analysis showed the biofloc particle size class ≥250 μm contributed 55–100%; size ≥50 < 250 μm contributed 0–22%; and artificial feed contributed 0–45%. Principal component analysis applied to fatty acid profiles showed that biofloc ≥250 μm and artificial feed were the most important items in shrimp growout. For the egg production, isotope analysis suggested that the most important feed sources according to their relative contributions were polychaetes (0–100%), followed by artemia biomass (0–86%) and semi‐moist feed (0–66%), with lower contributions from squid, mussel, and the muscle of L. vannamei broodstock that had been cultured in biofloc. In terms of fatty acids, the most important items were artemia, polychaetes, and semi‐moist feeds. This work clarified the importance of feed sources for shrimp during culture in biofloc systems and during reproduction. Analysis of stable isotopes and fatty acids can be successfully used to trace the assimilation of nutrients during the nutrition of shrimp.  相似文献   

In Vitro and In Vivo Feedstuff Digestibility for Snook,Centropomus undecimalis,Juveniles          下载免费PDF全文

Iratzio Lemus  Carlos Maldonado  Gerard Cuzon  Adolfo Sanchez  Gabriela Gaxiola  Alfonso Alvarez  Martha Guerrero 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2018,49(1):205-215

The degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the ingredients was evaluated for Centropomus undecimalis juveniles. The in vitro experiment included wheat gluten (WG), corn gluten (CG), soybean meal (SBM) and pretreated phytase (SBM + phytase), soy protein concentrate (SPC), canola meal (CAN) and pretreated phytase (CAN + phytase), poultry byproduct meal (PBPM), chicken meal (CHKM), dried whey (DW), Pota meal (PM: mix of giant squid, fish soluble protein concentrate, crustacean meal, and fish oil), and Protiblend (PTB: aquatic and render mix). The highest acidic DH occurred with PTB (0.38 ± 0.06), CHKM (0.33 ± 0.3), and PBPM (0.25 ± 0.03). In the alkaline condition, PTB (1.6 ± 0.17 and 0.98 ± 0.05 for pyloric caeca and intestine, respectively) and CG (1.04 ± 0.4 and 0.75 ± 0.2 for caeca and intestine, respectively) provided the highest DH values. In vitro digestibility demonstrated that PTB was the highest (85.3%) followed by PBPM (51.4%), CAN + phytase (47.6%), CG (45.1%), and CHKM (46.5%). The in vivo experiment concerned the WG, CHKM, PBPM, PM, and PTB diets plus a reference diet with fishmeal (Ref diet). The total %DH was different (P < 0.05) with the lowest values for the WG diet (0.34 ± 0.09%) and Ref diet (0.34 ± 0.15). Free amino acid released during digestion was displayed for these diets and a bifactorial analysis produced no difference (P > 0.05). The apparent digestive coefficients ranged from 89.8 to 92.9% for protein and from 68 to 71.4% for energy.  相似文献   

Frequency of Giardia intestinalis assemblages isolated from dogs and humans in a community from Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico using beta-giardin restriction gene     

Eligio-García L  Cortes-Campos A  Cota-Guajardo S  Gaxiola S  Jiménez-Cardoso E 《Veterinary parasitology》2008,156(3-4):205-209

The assemblage of 37 Giardia intestinalis samples was determined, 19 obtained from puppy feces, 12 from stools of different human subjects under 3 years of age and 6 from axenic culture. The assemblages were classified according to the restriction pattern of beta-giardin gene with Hae III enzyme. Results showed that dog assemblages were grouped AI (52.6%) and AII (47.4%), while 41.7% human samples belonged to genotype AI and 58.3% to genotype AII. All axenic cultures belonged to assemblage AI; types AI and AII were both found in dog and human feces by Hae III restriction enzyme assay, suggesting a similarity between human and dog parasites. These results suggest that domestic animals infected with Giardia could produce cysts potentially infective for humans.  相似文献   

The effect of dietary protein and total energy content on digestive enzyme activities, growth and survival of Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus 1767) postlarvae     

Guzman  Gaxiola  Rosa  & Torre-Blanco 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2001,7(2):113-122

The effect of dietary protein and energy content on the activity of digestive enzymes (total proteinases, trypsin, chymotrypsin α‐amylase and lipase), and growth and survival of Litopenaeus setiferus postlarvae was investigated under controlled conditions. There was a clear relationship between the diet fed to the postlarvae, growth and survival. Highest weight gain (2110 ± 96.7%) was obtained with a 400 g kg^?1 protein and low energy diet (13.9 kJ g^?1) (P < 0.05). The optimal protein to energy ratio (P/E) estimated was 28.8 mg of protein kJ^?1. Good survival was obtained with low energy diets containing between 200 and 400 g kg^?1 protein and with high energy diets containing 300–500 g kg^?1 protein. Higher values for total proteinases, trypsin and α‐amylase were obtained with the low energy, 400 g kg^?1 protein diet. Chymotryptic activity was considerably lower than that of other proteinases and lipase activity was too low to be reliably measured with the turbidimetric method employed. Total proteinase activity was significantly lower than in experimentally grown postlarvae. The α‐amylase activity was at least two orders of magnitude higher in wild postlarvae than in animals fed with the best experimental diet. Protein requirement was related to total energy content of the diet: best growth and digestive enzyme activity coincide with the low energy, 400 g kg^?1 protein diet. These results suggest that dietary carbohydrates cannot spare protein because growth rates obtained with diets containing 200–300 g kg^?1 protein (337 and 226 g kg^?1 dextrin content, respectively) were significantly lowered.  相似文献   

Energy balance of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae fed on animal or vegetable protein based compounded feeds     

Luis Jimnez-Yan  Abelardo Brito  Gerard Cuzon  Gabriela Gaxiola  Toms García  Gabriel Taboada  Luis A. Soto  Roberto Brito 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2006,260(1-4):337-345

L. vannamei postlarvae are normally raised with a protein dense diet (50% protein) rich in fishmeal. Part of the protein is utilized for energy purpose instead of protein synthesis. Based on a previous energy partitioning study, the effects of two isoenergetic compounded feed treatments – animal protein (AP) and vegetable protein and carbohydrates (VPC) – upon growth efficiency and energy budget of shrimp postlarvae and early juveniles were determined. Recovered energy (RE) or production (P) after 50 days trial was similar (2 J day^− 1) in both treatments, from PL₁₄ to PL₁₉. However, early juveniles discriminated between animal protein (116 J day^− 1) and vegetable protein and carbohydrates (88 J day^− 1). The difference in respiration indicated a higher heat increment with AP compared to VPC. At maintenance level, energy used was lower with AP than VPC treatment. Postlarvae and early juveniles employed protein as a main energy substrate (O:N < 20). Differences in the efficiencies observed in the calculated energy budget were attributed to the presence of carbohydrates in diet and not to the protein source. The advantage of incorporating vegetable protein source in the diet of harvesting shrimp may eventually contribute towards a reduction of fishmeal costs and waste products as well as to achieve sustainable shrimp farming.  相似文献   

Effect of dietary protein and energy levels on growth,oxygen consumption,haemolymph and digestive gland carbohydrates,nitrogen excretion and osmotic pressure of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) and L. setiferus (Linne) juveniles (Crustacea,Decapoda; Penaeidae)     

C Rosas  G Cuzon  G Taboada  C Pascual  G Gaxiola  A Van Wormhoudt 《Aquaculture Research》2001,32(7):531-547

The influence of protein and energy levels on growth rate, survival, pre- and post-prandial oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, haemolymph glucose (HG), glycogen in digestive gland and osmotic pressure (OP) in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) and L. setiferus (Linne) juveniles was studied. Diets containing a high-quality protein at a protein/energy (P/E) ratio of 16, 26, 31 and 36 mg kJ⁻¹ were fed at 20% of shrimp body weight of two sizes: < 1 g and > 1 g. Both species showed a optimum P/E ratio of 36 mg kJ⁻¹ (33–44% protein and 6–23% carbohydrate) in juveniles < 1 g. For shrimp > 1 g, L. setiferus showed a higher growth rate in the diet with 16 mg kJ⁻¹ (27% protein; 32% carbohydrate) and L. vannamei between 26 and 36 mg kJ⁻¹ (33–44% protein and 6–23% carbohydrate). In both experiments, the growth rate of L. vannamei was 2–3 times that observed in L. setiferus. Routine oxygen consumption and apparent heat increment (AHI) of L. setiferus juveniles was two times higher than that observed in L. vannamei juveniles, which could indicate that L. setiferus has a higher metabolic rate. The O/N ratio varied according to protein level, with higher values (O/N = 180) with a 16-mg kJ⁻¹ diet and lower values (O/N = 73) with a 36-mg kJ⁻¹ diet in L. setiferus juveniles. A similar variation in O/N ratio was obtained in L. vannamei fed with all diets with an interval between 22 and 50. An inverse relation between ammonia excretion and HG, and digestive gland glycogen (DGG) in relation to an increase in the P/E ratio indicate that both shrimp species are well adapted to use carbohydrates and/or proteins from their diet. The higher values of hyper-osmotic capacity (hyper-OC) were observed in L. setiferus < 1 g fed with 36 mg kJ⁻¹ and the lowest in L. vannamei < 1 g fed with 31 mg kJ⁻¹. Intermediate values of hyper-OC were observed in both species fed all diets indicating that osmotic factors of juveniles < 1 g of both species are more affected by the P/E ratio than juveniles > 1 g. All results showed that juveniles > 1 g of both species are less dependent of P/E ratio than juveniles < 1 g. Litopenaeus vannamei is a most tolerant shrimp species with a high capacity to use a wide range of dietary P/E ratios for growth, which may be due to its lower energy requirements. Litopenaeus setiferus showed a lower capacity to accept different P/E ratios but the optimum P/E ratio obtained with this species shows that L. setiferus accept diets with a high carbohydrate level as well. These results demonstrate that there are nutritional and physiological differences that explain the differences that have been observed when both species were cultured in commercial ponds.  相似文献   

Digestive enzyme activities during early ontogeny in Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis)     

Jimenez-Martinez LD  Alvarez-González CA  Tovar-Ramírez D  Gaxiola G  Sanchez-Zamora A  Moyano FJ  Alarcón FJ  Márquez-Couturier G  Gisbert E  Contreras-Sánchez WM  Perales-García N  Arias-Rodríguez L  Indy JR  Páramo-Delgadillo S  Palomino-Albarrán IG 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2012,38(2):441-454

Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) is one of the most important marine species under commercial exploitation in the Gulf of Mexico; for this reason, interest in developing its culture is a priority. However, larviculture remains as the main bottleneck for massive production. In this sense, our objective was to determine the changes of digestive enzymes activities using biochemical and electrophoretic techniques during 36?days of Common snook larviculture fed with live preys (microalgae, rotifers, and Artemia). During larviculture, all digestive enzymatic activities were detected with low values since yolk absorption, 2?days after hatching (dah) onwards. However, the maximum values for alkaline protease (6,500?U?mg?protein^?1), trypsin (0.053?mU?×?10^?3?mg?protein^?1), and Leucine aminopeptidase (1.4?×?10^?3?mU?mg?protein^?1) were detected at 12 dah; for chymotrypsin at 25 dah (3.8?×?10^?3?mU?mg?protein^?1), for carboxypeptidase A (280?mU?mg?protein^?1) and lipase at 36 dah (480?U?mg?protein^?1), for ??-amylase at 7 dah (1.5?U?mg?protein^?1), for acid phosphatases at 34 dah (5.5?U?mg?protein^?1), and finally for alkaline phosphatase at 25 dah (70?U?mg?protein^?1). The alkaline protease zymogram showed two active bands, the first (26.3?kDa) at 25 dah onwards, and the second (51.6?kDa) at 36 dah. The acid protease zymogram showed two bands (RF?=?0.32 and 0.51, respectively) at 34 dah. The digestive enzymatic ontogeny of C. undecimalis is very similar to other strictly marine carnivorous fish, and we suggest that weaning process should be started at 34 dah.  相似文献   

Effect of plant protein concentrates on nutrition physiology of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1883) juveniles     

C. Maldonado  S. Guillen  O. Pantoja  L. Arena  M. Ezquerra‐Bauer  C. A. Alvarez‐González  G. Cuzon  G. Gaxiola 《Aquaculture Research》2012,43(8):1209-1222

This study was designed to test the effect of soy protein (SPC), wheat gluten (WHG) and potato protein (PPC), in vitro and in vivo digestibility of protein and energy in the juveniles Litopeneaus vannamei. A completely random design was used with nine 400‐L tanks (with three repetitions by treatment). Ten respirometric chambers (500 mL) were used for energy distribution. In vitro digestibility for SPC (8.8%) was higher than for PPC (5.8%) and for WHG (4.3%, P < 0.05). Diets’ degree of hydrolysis ranged between 0.75% and 1.2%, with lowest value in potato protein concentrate diet (0.75 ± 0.09%, P < 0.05). No significant differences were obtained in apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) for protein (63.4–74.1%). ADC for amino acids ranged between 80% and 90%. Daily growth coefficient ranged from 0.86% to 1.1% day⁻¹, being the best in soybean protein concentrate diet (SPCd) (P < 0.05). Significant differences on heat increment were observed (P < 0.05); highest value was in wheat gluten diet (1.0 ± 0.1 kJ shrimp day⁻¹) that coincided with a peak of trypsin specific activity (16.5 ± 3.7 mU mg protein⁻¹). Highest retained energy for growth was observed in shrimp fed SPCd (0.7 ± 0.03 kJ day⁻¹, P < 0.05). Muscle collagen content presented a minimum of bands with SPCd, whereas shrimp post‐mortem collagenase activity was not affected by any of the three diets (P > 0.05).  相似文献