排序方式： 共有37条查询结果，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
Bakke-McKellep AM Koppang EO Gunnes G Sanden M Hemre GI Landsverk T Krogdahl A 《Journal of fish diseases》2007,30(2):65-79
The paper reports the second and final part of an experiment aiming to study physiological and health-related effects of genetically modified (GM) soybean meal (SBM) type Roundup Ready soybean (RRS) in diets for post-smolt Atlantic salmon. For 3 months salmon were fed diets containing 172 g kg(-1) full-fat SBM from RRS (GM-soy) or an unmodified, non-isogenic line (nGM-soy), or a reference diet with fishmeal as the sole protein source (FM). Slight differences in anti-nutrient levels were observed between the GM and nGM-soy. Histological changes were observed only in the distal intestine of the soy-fed fish. The incidence of moderate inflammation was higher in the GM-soy group (9 of 10 sampled fish) compared with the nGM-soy group (7 of 10). However, no differences in the concomitant decreases in activities of digestive enzymes located in the brush border (leucine aminopeptidase and maltase) and apical cytoplasm (acid phosphatase) of enterocytes or in the number of major histocompatibility complex class II+ cells, lysozyme activity, or total IgM of the distal intestine were observed. GM compared with nGM-soy fed fish had higher head kidney lysozyme (11,856 vs. 10,456 units g(-1) tissue) and a tendency towards higher acid phosphatase (0.45 vs. 0.39 micromol h(-1) kg(-1) body mass in whole tissue) activities, respectively. Plasma insulin and thyroxin levels, and hepatic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities were not significantly affected. It is not possible, however, to conclude whether the differences in responses to GM-soy were due to the genetic modification or to differences in soy cultivars in the soy-containing diets. Results from studies using non-modified, parental line soybeans as the control group are necessary to evaluate whether genetic modification of soybeans in diets poses any risk to farmed Atlantic salmon. 相似文献
2.
Oyvind Lie Herborg Haaland Gro-Ingunn Hemre Amund Maage Einar Lied Grethe Rosenlund Kjartan Sandnes Yngvar Olsen 《Aquaculture International》1997,5(5):427-438
Rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, fed baker's yeast and a lipid emulsion (High DNA Super Selco, INVE Aquaculture NV Systems SA, Belgium), were harvested and fed Isochrysis galbana for 72 h, the nutrient composition was analysed during this period. The enrichment effect on the rotifers following transfer to I. galbana was most pronounced for ascorbic acid and thiamin. I. galbana seemed to contribute very little as a source of the lipid-soluble vitamins. Most of the minerals and trace elements were unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana, but Fe, Mn, As and Cd increased, Cu and Ni decreased whereas the effect on Cr and Mo were uncertain. The fatty acid composition of the rotifers changed towards the composition of I. galbana during the experimental period. Intermediate glycogen levels were measured in the rotifers at all sampling times. With the exception of lysine, serine and proline, all amino acid levels seemed to be unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana. This study showed that transfer of rotifers to microalgae (I. galbana) feeding had a positive effect on nutritional value. Macronutrients were maintained at adequate levels, and algal feeding improved the nutritional quality of rotifers with respect to water-soluble vitamins. Changes in rotifer nutrient composition are discussed in relation to nutritional requirements of fish larvae. 相似文献
3.
In the present study cod were separately placed in fish metabolic chambers. Ten individuals were injected with a dose of 1 μCi 14 C-glucose, in addition to 1 g pure glucose per kg live weight, and 10 individuals were kept under the same conditions and sham injected with 9 g L−1 (0.9%) sterile saline solution.
Of the injected14 C-glucose, 3% was recovered in plasma, 2.9% in liver, 1.7% in red muscle, 18.2% in white muscle, 0.2% in heart, 1.9% in gills and 12.1% in gill-surrounding water. Of the 12.1% in gill-surrounding water, 9.1% was found to be in the form of CO2 , leaving 3% to pure glucose and lactate. These results indicate a relatively high production of CO2 from glucose showing a utilization for energy, and a possible route of excretion of excess glucose via the gill membrane.
Activity of14 C-glucose on a concentration basis showed in descending order the following organs to be metabolically active in glucose utilization: gills > plasma (as a transporter) > heart > red muscle > liver > white muscle.
Of the total amount of14 C-glucose injected, only 0.3% was recovered in the liver lipid fraction, and mainly as triacylglyceroles; minor 14 C-activity was found in mono- and diacylglyceroles and free fatty acids. These results show very low activity of de novo syntheses of lipid from injected glucose in the cod. 相似文献
Of the injected
Activity of
Of the total amount of
4.
R.E. Olsen R.J. Henderson J. Sountama G.-I. Hemre E. Ring W. Melle D.R. Tocher 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2004,240(1-4):433-449
Against a background of decreasing availability of fish oils for use in aquaculture, the present study was undertaken to examine whether a wax ester-rich oil derived from the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus, could be used effectively by Atlantic salmon when supplied in their diet. Individually tagged Atlantic salmon of initial weight around 500 g were divided into replicate tanks of two dietary groups and fed either a fish oil supplemented diet, or an experimental diet coated with Calanus oil. Wax esters accounted for 37.5% of the lipids in the Calanus oil diet but were absent from the fish oil diet in which triacylglycerols (TAG) were the major lipid class. Over the feeding period (140 days) the salmon fed fish oil displayed a greater increase in length, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in weight gained. The specific growth rates (0.75) and the feed conversion ratio of fish fed the two diets were similar throughout the study. No differences were observed in the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of fish fed Calanus oil or fish oil. The ADC of fatty acids decreased with chain length and increased with unsaturation. Long-chain alcohol utilization showed a similar tendency although there was a notable difference in that saturated long-chain alcohols were utilized better than the comparable fatty acid homologue. In fecal lipid of fish fed Calanus oil, the content of 16:0 alcohol decreased in both the free long-chain alcohol and wax ester fractions, while the corresponding fatty acid increased in the feces of both dietary groups of fish. In contrast, the proportion of the 22:1n−11 alcohol increased in both fecal wax esters and free long-chain alcohol fractions whereas 22:1n−11 fatty acid displayed no accumulation. The observed patterns of fatty acid and long-chain alcohol compositions in fecal lipid compared to those of the initial dietary lipid are consistent with the digestive lipases of salmon preferentially hydrolyzing esters containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) moieties. The wax esters of Calanus oil contained substantial amounts of the n−3 PUFA, 20:5n−3 and 22:6n−3, that were effectively deposited in muscle and liver tissues. No major differences were seen in either lipid content/lipid classes or in gross fatty acid composition of these tissues between the two dietary groups. It is concluded that that Atlantic salmon in seawater can effectively utilize diets in which a major lipid component is derived from zooplankton rich in wax ester without any detrimental change in growth or body lipid composition. This finding gives support to the use of lipid from zooplankton from high latitudes as an alternative or as a supplement to fish oil and a provider of long-chain n−3 PUFA in diets for use in salmon aquaculture. 相似文献
5.
Effects of dietary carbohydrates on hepatic antioxidant enzymeactivities were studied in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.), fed diets containing no additional carbohydrate, or a low (15% addition)orhigh (30% addition) concentration of D-glucose or gelatinised potato starch.Addition of free glucose to the feeds resulted in glucose availability being 7and 18% when added at 15 and 30%, while the addition of gelatinised starch didnotseem to reduce starch availability. The dietary treatment groups (nocarbohydrate, 7 and 18% glucose or 15 and 30% gelatinised starch) were providedwith quantities of feed that supplied the same amounts of protein and lipid.There was a positive correlation between tiobarbituric acid-reactive substances(TBARS) in feeds and salmon liver. Liver glycogen concentrations increased withincreasing dietary glucose and starch, and the two higher levels of liverglycogen, found in groups G18 and S30, resulted in decreased activities ofcatalase, superoxide dismutase (t-SOD), and concentrations of glutathione. Thisindicates that there are links between carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidantsystems in salmon liver. There was no correlation between selenium dependentglutathione peroxidase (Se-GPX) activity and dietary carbohydrateconcentrations, but Se-GPX activity increased in response to increased TBARS.Catalase and t-SOD activities did not correlate with either TBARS values orSe-GPX activity. 相似文献
6.
Accumulation of 14C in various tissues and organs was studied in three different groups of 0.8‐kg Atlantic salmon Salmo salar force‐fed with 14C1‐glucose in order to evaluate if metabolism of glucose depended on adaptation to dietary carbohydrate level. The salmon had been fed diets supplemented with 0, 100 and 200 g maize dextrin kg?1 for 10 months before the experiment. The fish were force‐fed 6.65 × 104 Bq of 14C1 glucose kg?1 BW, in gelatin capsules. Fish for analysis were obtained 16 h later. 14C was measured in blood plasma, gill, kidney, liver and white muscle, and in lipid extract of liver. The liver contained most 14C, followed by heart, blood plasma, gill and liver lipid extract, while kidney and muscle contained the least 14C per gram or millilitre tissue. The muscle contained most radioactivity, on an estimated total tissue basis, followed by liver, blood plasma, gill, liver lipid extract, kidney and heart tissue. Thirty‐eight per cent of the orally administered 14C was recovered in the salmon adapted to the diet without dextrin after 16 h. This was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the 30% and 32% recovered in the salmon adapted to diets with 10% and 20% dextrin. This effect on adaptation to dietary dextrin level in glucose uptake or metabolism was supported by a trend (P < 0.10) toward higher radioactivity per gram or millilitre of each individual tissue in the fish adapted to the diet without dextrin, when compared with the other two adaptation regimes. 相似文献
7.
N.H. Sissener K. Julshamn M. Espe B.T. Lunestad G.‐I. Hemre R. Waagb A. Mge 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2013,19(4):555-572
This article presents data on commercial, Norwegian fish feeds from 2000 to 2010, including elements, additives, some selected vitamins and a range of environmental contaminants. Iodine, selenium and vitamin D concentrations, all declined during the time period; simultaneously, a reduction in marine ingredients in feeds has occurred. Still, the feeds fulfilled known fish nutrient requirements. Arsenic (As) in the feed was fitted with a polynomial regression with peak concentrations in 2004, correlating with fishery landings of blue whiting (Micromesistus poutassou), a reduction species with high content of As. A polynomial regression was also significant for mercury, which peaked in 2005 and was correlated to fish meal (FM) inclusion in the feeds. Residues of the pesticide DDT and its metabolites, chlordane and toxaphene, as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers and sum dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs, all decreased during this time period. These positive changes in undesirable substances can likely be attributed to the increasing replacement of marine ingredients with plant ingredients, as well as the increased use of South American fish oils rather than North Atlantic ones. On the other hand, cadmium concentrations were twofold higher in South American FMs, and increased in feeds from 2000 to 2010. 相似文献
8.
A new technique of feeding, repeated sampling of blood and continuous collection of urine in white sturgeon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D.F. Deng S. Refstie G.-I. Hemre C.E. Crocker H.Y. Chen J.J. Cech Jr. S.S.O. Hung 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2000,22(3):191-197
A new technique combining oesophageal intubation, dorsal aorta cannulation, and urinary catheterization was developed to monitor concentration of nutrients in the blood circulation and their metabolites in the urine of 1–2 kg white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. Three experiments were conducted to assess the technique based on: (1) quantitative delivery of nutrients; (2) stress levels post-operation; and (3) monitoring of nutrients in the blood and metabolites in the urine. In Experiment 1, recovery of intubated Cr2O3 was 105±5% (mean ± SEM, n=3) 3 h after intubation. In Experiment 2, plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations returned to respective basal levels of 8.2±1.8 ng ml–1 and 74± mg dl–1 (n=9) 48 h post-operation. In Experiment 3, sturgeon intubated with 1 g kg–1 body weight of glucose or dextrin at 48 h post-operation showed a significantly different (p<0.05) peak plasma glucose level of 139±4 and 100±5 mg dl–1 (n=5), respectively, at 4 h. Urinary glucose excretion was 1.8±0.9 mg kg–1 h–1 (n=5) 4–8 h after intubation with glucose. Our results show that the new technique allows quantitative delivery of nutrients, repeated sampling of blood, and continuous collection of urine in white sturgeon with minimum stress. 相似文献
9.
10.
G. Rosenlund Ø. Karlsen K. Tveit A. Mangor-Jensen & G.-I. Hemre 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2004,10(6):371-378
Juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were fed extruded feeds formulated to contain 360–660 g kg?1 protein, 80–280 g kg?1 lipid and 80–180 g kg?1 starch at feeding frequencies of either once per day or every second day to satiation. The trial was conducted at 8 °C and lasted for 28 weeks during which fish were weighed five times at regular intervals. Sampling for proximate analysis was performed at the start, after 12 weeks and at the end of the trial. Fish grew from an average weight of 192 g to between 750 and 866 g, with growth being negatively affected by low dietary protein concentration. High dietary starch concentrations had some negative effects on growth, whereas changes in dietary fat concentration had no significant effect on growth. Liver indices (at the end of the experiment) varied between 80 and 170 g kg?1, and there was a negative correlation between the ratio of protein to fat and liver index. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged between 0.74 and 0.88, and feed utilization improved with increasing concentrations of dietary protein and fat. Increasing dietary starch concentrations resulted in poorer feed utilization. To achieve good growth and protein retention, and avoid excessive liver size in juvenile cod, feeds should contain 500–600 g kg?1 crude protein, 130–200 g kg?1 lipid and <150 g kg?1 starch. 相似文献