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1.
Pekka Vähäoja Petteri Piltonen Anna Hyvönen Jouko Niinimäki Jorma Jalonen Toivo Kuokkanen 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2005,165(1-4):313-324
This study focuses on the biodegradability measurements of tall oil-based wood preservatives and their raw materials in groundwater as determined by the respirometric BOD OxiTop method. Certain substances were also analyzed in standard conditions described by OECD 301 F. Results show that creosote oil, a traditional wood preservative, does not biodegrade at all in groundwater over a period of 28 days, while tall oil and linseed oil biodegrade to some degree (13.4% and 14.8%, respectively). On the other hand, degrees of biodegradation of linseed oil, tall oil and creosote oil in the extra mineral and microbe including conditions described by OECD 301 F were 72.9%, 54.3% and 24.9% after 28 days, respectively. Studied raw materials of tall oil-based wood preservative production biodegrade to some degree in groundwater (variability from 11.9% to 18%) and quite effectively in OECD 301 F test (variability from 39% to 71.7%) over a period of 28 days. Abiotic degradation may also be significant with the studied substances. 相似文献
2.
M. Suontama J.H.J. van der Werf J. Juga M. Ojala 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2013,130(3):178-189
Genetic correlations for body measurements and conformation and functional traits in foals and studbook horses with racing traits were estimated in the Finnhorse and Standardbred. Genetic response and accuracy were estimated using records of animal, half‐sibs and parents in selection scenarios for racing traits, for foal and racing traits, for studbook and racing traits, and using records of animal, half‐sibs and parents for foal traits and racing traits of parents. Racing time and earnings were the breeding objective. Low‐to‐moderate genetic correlations for body measurements and racing traits indicated that selection favours bigger horses at all ages. Being mainly favourable for the breeding objective, genetic correlations for conformation and functional traits with racing traits were highest for the foal traits of type, trot and overall grade and for the studbook traits of character and movements. Genetic correlations for foal and studbook conformation with racing traits were low in the Finnhorse and moderate to high in the Standardbred. In foals, the highest genetic correlations were for trot with racing time (?0.54) and with earnings (0.52) in the Finnhorse, and for overall grade with racing time (?0.54) and with earnings (0.54) in the Standardbred. In studbook horses, genetic correlations were high for character with racing time and earnings in the Finnhorse (?0.68, 0.61) and in the Standardbred (?0.63, 0.70), and for movements with racing time and earnings in the Finnhorse (?0.70, 0.69) and in the Standardbred (?0.90, 0.88). To increase accuracy of conformation and functional traits, foal traits would be more useful in the index with racing traits, as being less preselected than studbook traits. The foal traits (type, trot, overall grade) having moderate heritability and genetic correlations with racing traits would be useful in multi‐trait index before a racing career, where the greatest gain is because of a shorter generation interval. It would be feasible to implement for AI stallions. 相似文献
3.
Hannu Korkeala Olli Sorvettula Osmo Mki-Petys Jorma Hirn 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1982,23(3):407
The different agar diffusion methods were compared using antibiotic and sulphonamide-impregnated filter-paper discs and the kidneys of healthy and emergency-slaughtered pigs and cows after slaughter.No method used seemed to be sensitive to all antimicrobial drugs preimpregnated onto discs. Tetracycline yielded a greater zone of inhibition at pH 6 than at pH 8 and aminoglycosides, erythromycin, polymyxin B and lin cornycin at pH 8 than at pH 6. It therefore seems necessary to use different pHs (6 and 8). The addition of trimethoprim to the medium is necessary for the detection of sulphonamides. Bacillus subtilis BGA used as the test organism was more sensitive to sulphonamides on the “Test agar for the inhibitor test” containing trimethoprim than on the “Iso-Sensitest agar” also containing trimethoprim. The addition of trimethoprim to “Test agar for the inhibitor test” is recommended at pH 8 but not at pH 6 because false-positive cases (with inhibition zones > 2 mm) were observed at pH 6 with trimethoprim on the kidneys of healthy pigs. 相似文献
4.
Farmed Atlantic cod with a mean weight of 4.8 kg were maintained for 9 weeks in sea cages and fed diets where the dietary fishmeal component was substituted with increasing proportions (0%, 22%, 63% and 100%) of meal from Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. Wild‐caught cod were included in the study as external control. At termination of feeding, all fish were slaughtered and muscle pH was immediately recorded. The fish were then stored on ice for three days and assessed for muscle pH and objective (skin and fillet colour, and fillet texture) and subjective (sensory evaluation) quality criteria. Replacement of fishmeal with krillmeal in the diets resulted in the skin colour above and below the lateral line to be more red than the control group without krillmeal substitutions, even though this difference was not significant, and with more yellow hue. Additions of krillmeal increased the muscle whiteness and yellow hue compared with the control group and wild fish. There was no difference in red hue between the groups. Muscle pH, texture or sensory attributes were unaffected by dietary inclusion level of krillmeal. Wild‐caught cod deviated in several aspects from the farmed cod. It is concluded that the replacement of fishmeal with Antarctic krillmeal in the diets two months before slaughter did not move the sensory attributes more towards wild fish. 相似文献
5.
Zheng J Yang B Ruusunen V Laaksonen O Tahvonen R Hellsten J Kallio H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(26):6581-6593
Phenolic compounds in black currants of three Finnish cultivars and their response to growth latitude and weather conditions were analyzed over a six-year period. 'Melalahti' had lower contents of total phenolic compounds (31.4% and 29.2% lower than 'Mortti' and 'Ola', respectively), total anthocyanins (32.6% and 30.5%), and total hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (23.1% and 23.8%) (p < 0.05) and was less affected by growth latitude and weather conditions than 'Mortti' and 'Ola'. However, all the cultivars grown at higher latitude (66°34' N) had lower contents of total flavonols, total anthocyanins, and total phenolic compounds than those grown at lower latitude (60°23' N) (p < 0.05). The content of total hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates did not vary in 'Melalahti' (p > 0.05) but increased as the latitude increased in 'Mortti' and 'Ola' (p < 0.05). Temperature and radiation were the major weather variables influencing the composition of phenolic compounds. Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, and myricetin-3-O-glucoside content showed positive correlations with temperature and radiation in all three cultivars. The study gives important guidelines for the selection of raw materials and growth sites as well as for the berry cultivation for commercial exploitation of black currant berries. 相似文献
6.
Estimates of non-genetic effects and genetic parameters for body measures and subjectively scored traits in Finnhorse trotters 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study examined non-genetic effects and genetic parameters of body measures and subjectively scored traits in the Finnhorse trotter population. The data was based on studbook inspections from 1971 to 2004 covering observations on 6381 horses. There were five body measures – height at withers, height at croup, circumference of girth, length of body and circumference of cannon bone – and six subjectively scored traits – character, body conformation, leg stances, quality of legs, hooves and movements – included in the analyses. Multivariate mixed models were applied with year–sex and age as fixed effects and animal as a random effect. The year–sex effect had a significant influence on body measures and scored traits. Age at judging had a significant influence on all traits but height at withers and body conformation. Heritability estimates were from 0.53 to 0.78 for body measures and 0.10 to 0.19 for scored traits. Genetic correlations between body measures were highly positive, from 0.75 to 0.98, whilst genetic correlations between scored traits varied between − 0.20 and 0.51. Genetic correlations between body measures and scored traits were mainly negative, from − 0.38 to 0.09. Our results indicate that additive genetic effects are relevant determinants for body measures of Finnhorse trotters. The scored traits were of low to moderate heritability and were relevantly influenced by environmental effects. 相似文献
7.
Kari Ilkka Hänninen Jari Tapani Kovalainen Jorma Korvola 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(4):51-68
The decomposition of organic matter of source-separated biowaste during composting was followed during 18 months. Compost samples were fractionated into three parts: (i) hot water soluble extract (HWE) (ii) bitumen fraction and (iii) humic substances (humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA)). Original compost samples and the HA and FA fractions were hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid for hexoses and pentoses. Quantitative spectrophotometric and qualitative GC/MS analyses of monosaccharides as trimethylsilyl ethers of the corresponding alditols were carried out.During composting, the amount of HA in the organic matter of the compost increased, the amounts of HWE and bitumen decreased and the amount of the FA fraction changed only a little. Carbohydrates were found to be important constituents of biowaste composts and their HA and FA fractions. Elemental analysis (C, N and H) of compost and HA samples showed an increase in the C:H ratio and in unsaturation of compounds during composting. The decrease in the C:N ratio was marginal.The amounts of hexoses and pentoses in original compost samples and the HA and FA fractions decreased during composting. The sugar alcohols erythritol, xylitol, L-arabitol, ribitol, L-rhamnitol, L-fucitol, D-mannitol, D-glucitol and galactitol were identified in both the HA and FA fractions. 2-Deoxy-D-erythro-pentitol was identified in one HA fraction and inositol in two FA fractions. An analysis of gas chromatographic data for relative abundances showed that, in every sample except one and in every stage of composting D-glucitol was the main sugar alcohol. In general, the relative amount of D-glucitol decreased during composting, while the relative amounts of all other sugar alcohols increased.As chemical indicators of compost maturity, carbohydrates would appear to be a important group of compounds. Most informative as a general indicator would be the ratio of the amount of HA to the amount of organic matter in the total compost samples.According to our studies, the carbohydrates in composts are covalently bound to the structures of FA and HA. Carbohydrate determination clearly deserves more attention in the structural elucidation of FA and HA. 相似文献
8.
M. Moren J. Suontama Ø. Karlsen H. Mundheim 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2006,261(1):174-181
In the marine environment, organisms from lower trophic levels seem as a good alternative to the traditional meal and oil sources. In the present study, meals were produced from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Arctic krill (Thysanoessa inermis) and the Arctic amphipod Themisto libellula. Diets were then prepared for Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod where up to 100% of the fish meal protein was replaced by protein from these organisms. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) were determined by ICP-MS in the various krill and amphipod meals, complete diets and muscle samples from fish fed these diets. The element concentrations were related to growth and general fish health as well as present EU legislations on feed ingredients and complete diets. The cod showed no difference in growth during the trial, while salmon fed diets where 40% of the fish meal protein was replaced with Arctic krill or amphipod meal shoved improved SGR during the first period of feeding (first 100 days). No adverse effects on growth rate or fish health were observed in any fish species or treatment. Nevertheless, high levels of Cu were found in the meal from Antarctic krill (46 mg kg− 1 dry matter (dm)) resulting in a dietary level of Cu exceeding the upper limit for complete feedingstuff set by EU. Furthermore, the Cd level found in the meal from amphipod (12 mg kg− 1 dm) was 6 times higher than EU's upper limit. This indicates limitations for the use of certain zooplanktons as alternative protein sources in feed for farmed fish, unless future processing methods yield lower levels of these unwanted elements. 相似文献
9.
Ilpo Niskanen Jorma Heikkinen Jukka Mikkonen Anni Harju Henrik Heräjärvi Martti Venäläinen Kai-Erik Peiponen 《Journal of Wood Science》2012,58(1):46-50
The purpose of this study was to determine the effective refractive index of thermally modified Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood specimens as a quantitative measure regarding the change of wood density which is due to the thermal modification.
The refractive index of thermally modified Scots pine wood was obtained by introducing pine wood powder into an immersion
liquid and measuring light backscattering with a homebuilt multifunction spectrophotometer. The present method provides useful
information that in principle can be applied, for example, in the optimization of the thermal modification process and inspection
of the quality of thermally modified wood. 相似文献
10.
Hannu Huuskonen Jorma Piironen Jari Syvranta Risto Eronen Christina Biasi Pivi Kiiskinen Raine Kortet Anssi Vainikka 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2019,28(4):533-543
Through the recent increases in abundance, pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) has not only become a valuable target for recreational and commercial fishing, but also the most important top predator in many lakes. Generally oligotrophic Lake Höytiäinen (283 km2) sustains one of the most economically valuable pikeperch stocks in Finland, and its annual fisheries yield (up to 5.5 kg/ha) is exceptionally high among Finnish lakes. Here, we followed seasonal movements of fish using conventional tagging, and studied short‐term and long‐term diet of pikeperch by stomach content and stable isotope analyses to examine if the movements were motivated by prey availability. A clear seasonal migration pattern was observed: in summer, 80% of the tag recoveries were obtained from the shallow and mesotrophic northern and western areas, whereas in autumn and winter, the deep and oligotrophic southern area dominated in the recaptures. The diet of pikeperch consisted of the most abundant fish species in the lake, perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus), as well as insects. Stable isotope analysis indicated a shift from a dominance of pelagic food sources to littoral food sources during the growing season of pikeperch. Our results suggest that the pikeperch migrations facilitate efficient material transfer from the mesotrophic part while the deeper and oligotrophic part offers a favourable overwintering environment. 相似文献