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Komathi Kolandai-Matchett Maria Armoudian Simon Thrush Jenny Hillman Luitgard Schwendenmann Julia Jakobsson Tim Haggitt Caitlin O'Hara Blain Gavin Lear 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(11):3034-3055
- The ocean's remoteness, ecological complexities, lengthy ecosystem processes, and vulnerability to multiple and cumulative anthropogenic threats make marine conservation communication particularly difficult. Both scientists and journalists face unique challenges in explaining the science of these often out-of-sight ecosystems. Given the inadequacies of marine news, improvement appeared necessary. However, the experiences and views of journalists and scientists have hardly been examined within marine news contexts. Thus, this study sought the perspectives of these two professional groups to provide a discussion on ways to improve news coverage of complex ocean issues through enhanced journalist–scientist working relations.
- Both journalists and scientists rated the quantity, breadth and quality of marine news as average and were receptive to alternative ways for reporting ecosystem complexities. Although some frustrations remain, both valued impactful news stories resulting from their working relations and preferred direct contact with each other over indirect methods such as press releases and science news platforms. Both groups generally agreed on what to include in marine news, but scientists favoured a collaborative approach to news content decision-making more strongly than journalists.
- Journalists' and scientists' commonly shared views and goals concerning marine news identified in this study could serve as a common ground for uniting the two professions. Institutional policies that permit one-on-one journalist–scientist interactions could lead to mutual understandings about the contexts of their relationship challenges. More trustful and mutually beneficial relationships, in turn, could be a basis for a more collaborative news generation process. Compiling and making marine visuals readily accessible to journalists; training programmes that enhance journalists' and scientists' understanding of the influence of media message framing on conservation actions; media appreciation of marine ecosystem complexities' newsworthiness; and the notion of media's social responsibility in reporting marine conservation issues could contribute to more impactful coverage.
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- Considering the deteriorated state of the ocean, maximizing the impact of scientists' media communication is essential for gaining public interest in, and support for, marine conservation initiatives. Unlike conventional news, that involves journalists' interpretation, the media Q&A offers scientists a way to convey insights on complex marine ecosystem issues in their own words. However, the Q&A approach for communicating marine science and conservation issues has not been empirically examined for format-related differences in impact.
- The modality theory in multimedia learning suggests that information is more effective for accelerating learning and retention when visuals are combined with narrated words, than when combined with written text. This study compared the effects of identically framed information presented in two different media Q&A formats: narrated multimedia (a video on YouTube) and written text with photos (designed to resemble an online mainstream news article). In both formats, a marine scientist explained the complex phenomenon of marine ecosystem tipping points.
- In an online experiment, 116 respondents were randomly assigned to either view the video or read the article. Effects on knowledge, awareness, and motivation were tested for format-related differences. Data related to time spent on the interventions were used to test the effects of attention retention on awareness and motivation gains. Additionally, the study gauged participants' assessment about the effectiveness of the communication features and framings used and suggestions for enhancing communication effectiveness.
- Findings showed positive effects on knowledge, awareness, and motivation irrespective of media format, suggesting that other communication aspects such as the messengers, the scientist's communication style, educative content, and message frames probably contributed to impact. Findings also suggest that multimedia formats, which tend to be more costly, may not necessarily be more effective.
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