Regional inequality: An analysis under the core–peripheral model     

Marcus Gumpert 《Growth and change》2019,50(2):775-802

Desmet, Gumpert, and Ort?n have analyzed regional development using the Ricardian model or the Heckscher–Ohlin theorem. However, aspects such as consideration of combined wages, substitution elasticities, marginal costs, fixed costs, and number of companies were completely ignored. This study investigates the underdevelopment of regions in light of Krugman`s core–peripheral model. The extension of the model is intended to analyze the aspects that have so far been ignored and their influence on the benefits of the two regions. The following aspects characterize the model. Two regions with two sectors are considered for the model. The regions are characterized by different technological equipment. The first region is industrial. The second region has an agricultural character. When a new technology is available, both regions can benefit under certain conditions. The financial transfers lead to a convergence of wages.  相似文献   

The risk of salmonellae shedding by dogs fed Salmonella-contaminated commercial raw food diets          下载免费PDF全文

Finley R  Ribble C  Aramini J  Vandermeer M  Popa M  Litman M  Reid-Smith R 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2007,48(1):69-75

Twenty-eight research dogs were enrolled to determine the prevalence of salmonellae shedding after consumption of 1 Salmonella-contaminated commercial raw food diet meal. Sixteen dogs were exposed to Salmonella-contaminated commercial raw food diets and 12 to Salmonella-free commercial raw food diets. Seven of the exposed dogs shed salmonellae 1-7 days after consumption of Salmonella-contaminated raw food diets. None of the dogs fed Salmonella-free diets shed salmonellae. No clinical signs were observed in either group. Five of the 7 dogs shed the same serotypes as those recovered from food samples used for feeding. Results showed the same serotypes and antimicrobial resistance pattern in 2 of the 7 shedders. Dogs fed Salmonella-contaminated raw food diets can shed salmonellae and may, therefore, be a source of environmental contamination potentially leading to human or animal illness.  相似文献   

Modelling the interaction between a pest (Aculops lycopersici), two predators (Pronematus ubiquitus and Macrolophus pygmaeus) and climate variables: a 3-year greenhouse study in a tomato crop     

Rob Moerkens  Dominiek Vangansbeke  Marcus V. A. Duarte  Stijn Bellinkx  Elana De Roo  Juliette Pijnakker  Felix Wäckers 《Pest management science》2023,79(12):5362-5373

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Effects of grazing and rainfall variability on root and shoot decomposition in a semi-arid grassland     

Marcus Giese  Ying Zhi Gao  Ying Zhao  Qingmin Pan  Shan Lin  Stephan Peth  Holger Brueck 《Applied soil ecology》2009,41(1):8-18

Overgrazing increasingly affects large areas of Inner Mongolian semi-arid grasslands. Consequences for ecosystem functions and, in particular, for the decomposition as a key process of ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling are still unclear.We studied the effects of grazing on shoot and root decomposition with the litter bag method in a long-term grazing exclosure (UG79), a moderate winter grazed (WG) and a long-term heavily grazed site (HG). We separated the effects of local environmental factors and litter quality as altered by grazing. Growing seasons of average and very low precipitation allowed us to study the effect of inter annual rainfall variability on decomposition.Grazing-induced differences in environmental factors of the three studied grassland sites had no effect on decay rates of shoot and root dry mass. Also differences in litter quality among the grazing sites were not reflected by root decomposition dynamics. The accelerated shoot decay at site HG could not clearly be linked to litter quality parameters. Shoot decay rates were more or less constant, even under very dry conditions. This indicates the possibility of photodegradation (solar UV-B radiation) to control aboveground decomposition in this semi-arid ecosystem. By selecting the best predictors of root decomposition from regression analysis, we found that soil water content was the best parameter explaining the dynamics.Net N immobilization was generally not detected during the decay process of shoot and root. It is likely, when root decomposition is strongly reduced in dry periods, shoot decomposition becomes relatively more important for nutrient cycling. A separate analysis of shoot and root decay dynamics is required in order to describe C and N cycling in this semi-arid grassland. The grazing impact on C and N fluxes through decomposition of plant material likely exhibits a strong interaction with seasonal rainfall pattern.  相似文献   

Moment arms about the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints for flexor and extensor muscles in equine forelimbs     

Brown NA  Pandy MG  Buford WL  Kawcak CE  McIlwraith CW 《American journal of veterinary research》2003,64(3):351-357

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether muscle moment arms at the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints can be modeled as fixed-radius pulleys for the range of motion associated with the stance phase of the gait in equine forelimbs. SAMPLE POPULATION: 4 cadaveric forelimbs from 2 healthy Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE: Thin wire cables were sutured at the musculotendinous junction of 9 forelimb muscles. The cables passed through eyelets at each muscle's origin, wrapped around single-turn potentiometers, and were loaded. Tendon excursions, measured as the changes in lengths of the cables, were recorded during manual rotation of the carpal (180 degrees to 70 degrees) and metacarpophalangeal (220 degrees to 110 degrees) joints. Extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint (180 degrees and 220 degrees) was forced with an independent loading frame. Joint angle was monitored with a calibrated potentiometer. Moment arms were calculated from the slopes of the muscle length versus joint angle curves. RESULTS: At the metacarpophalangeal joint, digital flexor muscle moment arms changed in magnitude by < or = 38% during metacarpophalangeal joint extension. Extensor muscle moment arms at the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints also varied (< or = 41% at the carpus) over the range of joint motion associated with the stance phase of the gait. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings suggest that, apart from the carpal flexor muscles, muscle moment arms in equine forelimbs cannot be modeled as fixed-radius pulleys. Assuming that muscle moment arms at the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints have constant magnitudes may lead to erroneous estimates of muscle forces in equine forelimbs.  相似文献   

Effect of diet on the feces quality in javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus auratus).     

Joeke Nijboer  Marcus Clauss  Moniek Olsthoorn  Wendy Noordermeer  Tjalling R Huisman  Celine Verheyen  Jan van der Kuilen  W Streich Jürgen  Anton C Beynen 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2006,37(3):366-372

A high intake of easily fermentable carbohydrates and a low intake of fiber material are generally regarded as major factors affecting the health of captive langurs. The effect on fecal consistency of excluding fruits and vegetables from the diet was evaluated in Javan langurs (Trachypithecus auratus auratus). Cross-over trials were carried out at Rotterdam Zoo and at the Apenheul Zoo, The Netherlands. During the first and third dietary period, the langurs were fed their usual diet, which contained fruits, vegetables, langur pellets, and browse. During the second period, the vegetables and fruits were excluded from the diet and the diet essentially consisted of pellets and browse. Feces consistency was scored using a fecal score chart developed for langurs. During the second feeding period the feces consistency improved significantly in animals at both zoos. Across all trials, a firmer feces consistency was correlated with an increase in dietary cell wall (measured as neutral detergent fiber) and a decrease in dietary water. It is suggested that the combined decrease in the intake of soluble sugars, the increase of fiber intake, and a lower amount of dietary water in the diet resulted in more solid stools. The results indicate that a dietary neutral detergent fiber content of approximately 46% in dry matter will result in a feces consistency indicative of undisturbed gut function.  相似文献   

Bill impaction in a group of captive Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber).     

Sven Hammer  Simon Jensen  Raffy Borjal  Marcus Clauss 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2007,38(3):465-470

Flamingos are filter feeders that only rarely ingest larger food items. Their bill anatomy is adapted to the suction, filtration, and ejection of a fluid medium. This case report documents a rare case of bill impaction in a group of Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) that were kept in a mixed exhibit together with roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja) and scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber). The latter species received fatty minced meat as part of their diet, which was also accessible to the flamingos. Weakness and poor body condition of one flamingo were noted. On clinical examination, the animal was emaciated, hypoglycemic, and showed a severe impaction of the bill with a mixture of lard, mud, and sand. This mixture had compressed the tongue and eventually had most likely prevented further food intake. In five additional flamingos, a bulging of the gular area, similar to the extension of this area during the tongue-retraction stage of the feeding cycle, was noted and interpreted as a sign of tongue displacement by similar masses in their bills. All animals were caught and the masses removed. All animals resumed food intake immediately, and the emaciated animal rapidly improved in condition. Food presentation was changed so that the trays for the other species were no longer accessible to the flamingos, and no similar problems have been observed since that time.  相似文献   

Ascaris suum: influence of egg density on in vitro development from embryonated egg to infective stage     

L Eriksen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1990,31(4):489-491

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Effects of grazing strategy on limiting nitrate leaching in grazed grass‐clover pastures on coarse sandy soil     

E. M. Hansen  J. Eriksen  K. Søegaard  K. Kristensen 《Soil Use and Management》2012,28(4):478-487

Urinations of ruminants on grazed pastures increase the risk of nitrate leaching. The study investigated the effect of reducing the length of the grazing season on nitrate leaching from a coarse sandy, irrigated soil during 2006–2007 and 2007–2008. In both years, precipitation was above the long‐term mean. The experiment was initiated in a 4‐yr‐old grass‐clover sward in south Denmark. Three treatments were as follows grazing only (G), spring cut followed by grazing (CG) and both spring and autumn cuts with summer grazing (CGC). Nitrate leaching was calculated by extracting water isolates from 80 cm depth using ceramic suction cups. Because of considerable variation in measured nitrate concentrations, the 32 installed suction cups per treatment were insufficient to reveal differences between treatments. However, weighted nitrate leaching estimations for G, CG and CGC showed estimated mean nitrate N concentrations of 23, 19 and 13 mg/L for an estimated proportion area occupied by urine patches of 0.33, 0.26 and 0.16, respectively. Thus, N concentrations in G and CG exceeded the EU limit of 11.3 mg N/L. Under the prevailing conditions, the time of urination did not appear important. The estimated background leaching calculated from suction cups presumably not situated under urine patches resulted in mean nitrate N concentrations of 2.6 mg/L.  相似文献   

Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in New England horses: serologic survey   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

L C Marcus  M M Patterson  R E Gilfillan  P H Urband 《American journal of veterinary research》1985,46(12):2570-2571

Twelve of 50 randomly selected horses from areas endemic for Borrelia burgdorferi had indirect fluorescent antibody titers of 1:8 to 1:2,048 against B burgdorferi. One of 50 horses from nonendemic areas had a titer of 1:8. This difference in the number of horses seropositive for B burgdorferi (P less than 0.002) and our finding that seropositive horses did not have agglutinating antibodies against potentially cross-reacting Leptospira spp indicated that horses in endemic areas were exposed to B burgdorferi and that the spirochete induced an antibody response in the horses.  相似文献