Isolation of the Fathead Minnow Nidovirus from Muskellunge Experiencing Lingering Mortality     

Mohamed Faisal  Ashley Baird  Andrew D. Winters  Elena V. Millard  Sue Marcquenski  Hui-Min Hsu 《Journal of aquatic animal health》2016,28(2):131-141

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Versatility of the Angularis Oris Axial Pattern Flap for Facial Reconstruction          下载免费PDF全文

Sara L. Losinski  Bryden J. Stanley  Sandra P. Schallberger  Laura L. Nelson  Heather A.M. Towle Millard 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2015,44(8):930-938

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Cryopreservation of Piau‐Breed Wild Boar Sperm: Assessment of Cooling Curves and Centrifugation Regimes          下载免费PDF全文

HH Shiomi  RO Pinho  DMA Lima  JB Siqueira  MCR Santos  EV Costa  PS Lopes  SEF Guimarães  JD Guimarães 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2015,50(4):545-553

This study aimed to assess the effects of different cooling curves and centrifugation regimes used in cryopreservation protocols on the post‐thaw viability of Piau‐breed wild boar (Sus scrofa) sperm using in vitro assessment tests. Two centrifugations (800  g for 10 min and 2400  g for 3 min) and two cooling curves (conventional cooling using nitrogen vapour – freezing 1 and automated cooling using a programmed freezing machine – freezing 2) were tested. Therefore, the treatments were divided into M3 – centrifugation at 2400  g for 3 min and freezing 2; M10 – centrifugation at 800  g for 10 min and freezing 2; R3 – centrifugation at 2400  g for 3 min and freezing 1; and R10 – centrifugation at 800  g for 10 min and freezing 1. No significant differences (p > 0.05) between treatments occurred post‐thawing regarding the total sperm motility means recorded. The mean values of the different treatments were not different from each other regarding the supravital staining (SV), hypo‐osmotic test (HO), sperm–egg binding assay or sperm morphology. This study showed that both the cooling curve and the centrifugation regime affected the quality of post‐thaw sperm, and centrifugation for shorter times and cooling curves using automated cooling are the most suitable for minimizing sperm injury.  相似文献   

An investigation of avoidance by Antarctic krill of RRS James Clark Ross using the Autosub-2 autonomous underwater vehicle     

Andrew S. Brierley  Paul G. Fernandes  Mark A. Brandon  Frederick Armstrong  Nicholas W. Millard  Steven D. McPhail  Peter Stevenson  Miles Pebody  James Perrett  Mark Squires  Douglas G. Bone  Gwyn Griffiths 《Fisheries Research》2003,60(2-3):569-576

The autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Autosub-2 was deployed on eight missions ahead of RRS James Clark Ross in the northern Weddell Sea and in the Bransfield Strait, Southern Ocean, to assess avoidance of the research vessel by Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. The AUV was equipped with the same type of scientific echosounder as the research vessel (Simrad EK500 operating at 38 and 120 kHz) and measured the density of krill along transect acoustically (g m⁻² wet mass) prior to the ship’s arrival. We hypothesised that if krill avoided the ship, perhaps in response to radiated noise, then the ship should detect less krill than the AUV which is known to have much lower noise levels than the ship. We were unable to detect any significant difference between the density of krill detected by the ship or the AUV, either at the transect level or at finer scales within transects. We conclude, therefore, that avoidance by krill of RRS James Clark Ross will not significantly bias acoustic estimates of krill abundance by this vessel.  相似文献   

Tree competition and defense against herbivores: currency matters when counting the cost     

Millard P  Way DA 《Tree physiology》2011,31(6):579-581

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The Body Temperature of Tyrannosaurus rex     

Millard AR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1995,267(5204):1666-1667

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Chemistry. Chemical kinetics under test     

Alexander MH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6016):411-412

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Ecophysiology of the internal cycling of nitrogen for tree growth   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Peter Millard 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1996,159(1):1-10

Internal cycling of nitrogen has been shown to be a major source of nitrogen used for the seasonal growth of both evergreen and deciduous trees providing up to 90% of N used for leaf growth of some species. The processes of internal cycling comprise seasonal nitrogen storage, followed by remobilisation during either periods of growth (e.g. in the spring) or during leaf senescence. The ecophysiology of these processes is reviewed, along with the methods used to quantify their contribution to tree growth. Nitrogen budget studies have been widely used to estimate internal cycling, particularly in relation to soil fertility. These studies have shown that as trees develop their rate of N uptake decreases, but as they grow their storage capacity increases, However, budget studies are imprecise and have not always quantified remobilisation adequately. An alternative approach has been the use of ¹⁵N to quantify N uptake and partitioning, allowing precise measurements of N storage and remobilisation to be made. The use of isotopes has allowed experiments to be run which have shown that environmental factors such as soil fertility influence the amount of N stored, but have no direct influence upon the amount of N remobilised. These methods are discussed in light of recent research on N remobilisation, which has provided an understanding of the processes of storage and remobilisation which potentially allows direct measurements to be made in field grown trees for the first time.  相似文献   

DNA Vaccination Partially Protects Muskellunge against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV-IVb)     

Elena V. Millard  Ashley M. Bourke  Scott E. LaPatra  Travis O. Brenden  Scott D. Fitzgerald 《Journal of aquatic animal health》2013,25(1):50-56

Abstract

A DNA vaccine containing the glycoprotein (G) gene of the North American viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVb was developed to evaluate the immune response of fish following vaccination and evaluate its efficacy in protecting a susceptible species, the Muskellunge Esox masquinongy, against VHSV-IVb challenge. Seven weeks (539 degree-days) following vaccination with 10 μg of either pVHSivb-G or a control plasmid, Muskellunge were challenged by immersion with 10⁵ plaque-forming units (pfu)/mL of VHSV-IVb. Fish vaccinated with pVHSivb-G had a relative percent survival (RPS) of 45%. Vaccinated fish also had significantly lower mean viral titers in tissues (4.2 × 10² pfu/g) and viral prevalence (4%) than fish receiving the plasmid control vaccine (3.3 × 10⁵ pfu/g; 82%). Neutralizing antibodies were detected 28 d (308 degree-days) postchallenge (11 weeks postvaccination) in 100% of Muskellunge vaccinated with pVHSivb-G compared with only 12% of plasmid-control-vaccinated Muskellunge, suggesting robust induction of a secondary, adaptive immune response. In addition, pVHSivb-G–vaccinated Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss challenged 7 d (100 degree-days) postvaccination with the heterologous novirhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), experienced an RPS of 61%, compared to control fish, suggesting induction of an early and transient nonspecific antiviral immune response. This study provides an important starting point for VHSV-IVb vaccine development and useful information about the antiviral immune response elicited by DNA vaccination in a nondomesticated fish species.

Received May 1, 2016; accepted September 1, 2016  相似文献   

Atmospheric CO₂ enrichment and nutrient additions to planted soil increase mineralisation of soil organic matter, but do not alter microbial utilisation of plant- and soil C-sources   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Eric Paterson  Barry Thornton  Andrew J. Midwood  Shona M. Osborne  Allan Sim  Pete Millard 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(9):2434-2440

Plants link atmospheric and soil carbon pools through CO₂ fixation, carbon translocation, respiration and rhizodeposition. Within soil, microbial communities both mediate carbon-sequestration and return to the atmosphere through respiration. The balance of microbial use of plant-derived and soil organic matter (SOM) carbon sources and the influence of plant-derived inputs on microbial activity are key determinants of soil carbon-balance, but are difficult to quantify. In this study we applied continuous ¹³C-labelling to soil-grown Lolium perenne, imposing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and nutrient additions as experimental treatments. The relative use of plant- and SOM-carbon by microbial communities was quantified by compound-specific ¹³C-analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). An isotopic mass-balance approach was applied to partition the substrate sources to soil respiration (i.e. plant- and SOM-derived), allowing direct quantification of SOM-mineralisation. Increased CO₂ concentration and nutrient amendment each increased plant growth and rhizodeposition, but did not greatly alter microbial substrate use in soil. However, the increased root growth and rhizosphere volume with elevated CO₂ and nutrient amendment resulted in increased rates of SOM-mineralisation per experimental unit. As rhizosphere microbial communities utilise both plant- and SOM C-sources, the results demonstrate that plant-induced priming of SOM-mineralisation can be driven by factors increasing plant growth. That the balance of microbial C-use was not affected on a specific basis may suggest that the treatments did not affect soil C-balance in this study.  相似文献