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1.
Kappaphycus alvarezzi, an edible seaweed from the west coast of India, was analyzed for its chemical composition. It was found that K. alvarezzi is rich in protein (16.24% w/w) and contains a high amount of fiber (29.40% w/w) and carbohydrates (27.4% w/w). K. alvarezzi showed vitamin A activity of 865 mug retinal equivalents/100 g of sample. It contained a higher quantity of unsaturated fatty acids (44.50% of the total), in which relative percentage of oleic acid was 11%, cis-heptadecanoic acid 13.50%, and linoleic acid 2.3% and 37.0% of saturated fatty acids (mainly heptadecanoic acid). K. alvarezziwas also found to be good source of minerals, viz 0.16% of calcium, 0.033% of iron, and 0.016% of zinc, which are essential for various vital biological activities. Bioavailability of iron by in vitro methods showed a higher efficiency in intestinal conditions than in stomach conditions. Ascorbic acid influenced higher bioavailability of iron. Successive extracts of n-hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and direct extractables of chloroform/methanol (1:1 and 2:1) were screened for antioxidant activity using a beta-carotene linoleic acid model system (B-CLAMS), DPPH (alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl) model system and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The chloroform/methanol (2:1) extract has shown 82.5% scavenging activity at 1000 ppm. Acetone fraction extracts at the 1000 ppm level showed 63.31% antioxidant activity in beta-carotene linoleic acid system. The acetone extract showed 46.04% scavenging activity at 1000 ppm concentration. In the case of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, all the extracts showed better activity at the concentrations of 25 and 50 ppm, where at the 50 ppm level ethyl acetate extract showed 76.0%, acetone 75.12%, and hexane 71.15% activity, respectively. Results of this study suggest the utility of K. alvarezzi (Eucheuma) for various nutritional products, including antioxidant for use as health food or nutraceutical supplement.  相似文献   
2.
This study was carried out in farmers' fields to quantify the total water and consumptive water use in grow‐out culture of Penaeus monodon under recommended package of practice with two different water management protocols: T1, with no water exchange and T2, with regulated water exchange. Treatment‐wise estimated total water use, was 2.09 and 2.43 ha‐m 122 day?1, while the computed consumptive water use index (m3 kg?1 biomass) was 5.35 and 6.02 in T1 and T2 respectively. Lower rates of water exchange (T2) showed significantly improved (P < 0.05) crop performance in terms of performance index (19.75 ± 0.75), production‐size index (74.1 ± 3.4), survival rate (80.13 ± 1.7%) and productivity (2.44 ± 0.08 t) over the zero water exchange. The shrimp pond water quality suitability index (WQSI) infers that regulated water exchange (T2) improved the overall suitability of water quality for shrimp culture. WQSI up to 90 days of culture ranged between 7.5–9.0 in T2, needs little management while in the last month of rearing, it was good with moderate management requirements. Treatment‐wise sediment load ranged between 50.4–56.3 m3 t?1 shrimp biomass. High intensity of water exchange and low apparent feed conversion ratio influenced in lowering the sedimentation rate. Regulated water exchange protocol (T2) performed well (higher net total water productivity and net consumptive water productivity) against no water exchange (T1). A higher OV:CC ratio (ratio of the output value to the cost of cultivation) indicated that T2 had a distinct edge over the T1 protocol.  相似文献   
3.
The market of specialty eggs, such as omega-3-enriched eggs, organic eggs, and free-range eggs, is continuously growing. The nutritional composition of egg yolk can be manipulated by feed diet; however, it is not known if there is any difference in the composition of egg white proteins among different egg varieties. The purpose of the study was to compare the egg white proteins among six different egg varieties using proteomics analysis. Egg white proteins were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and 89 protein spots were subjected to LC-MS/MS. A total of 23 proteins, belonging to Gallus gallus , were identified from 72 detected protein spots. A quiescence-specific protein precursor in egg white was identified for the first time in this study. Significant differences in the abundant levels of 19 proteins (from 65 protein spots) were observed among six egg varieties. Four proteins, ovalbumin-related protein Y, cystatin, avidin, and albumin precursor, were not different among these six egg varieties. These findings suggest that the abundance, but not the composition, of egg white proteins varied among the egg varieties.  相似文献   
4.
The batch bioreduction of Cr(VI) by the cells of newly isolated chromium-resistant Acinetobacter sp. bacteria, immobilized on glass beads and Ca-alginate beads, was investigated. The rate of reduction and percentage reduction of Cr(VI) decrease with the increase in initial Cr(VI) concentration, indicating the inhibitory effect of Cr(VI). Efficiency of bioreduction can be improved by increasing the bioparticle loading or the initial biomass loading. Glass bioparticles have shown better performance as compared to Ca-alginate bioparticles in terms of batch Cr(VI) reduction achieved and the rate of reduction. Glass beads may be considered as better cell carrier particles for immobilization as compared to Ca-alginate beads. Around 90% reduction of 80 ppm Cr(VI) could be achieved after 24 h with initial biomass loading of 14.6 mg on glass beads. Artificial neural network-based models are developed for prediction of batch Cr(VI) bioreduction using the cells immobilized on glass and Ca-alginate beads.  相似文献   
5.
 Bacterization of chick pea seeds with a siderophore-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas strain RBT13 and an antibiotic-producing Bacillus subtilis strain AF1, isolated from tomato rhizoplane and pigeon pea rhizosphere repectively, increased the shoot height, root length, fresh weight, dry weight and yield in soils infected with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris. Seed bacterization also resulted in a significant reduction in chick pea wilt caused by the same pathogen. Addition of iron to the soil completely eliminated disease suppression by RBT13 but not by AF1. Dual drug-resistant mutant strains derived from the rhizobacteria were used to monitor and confirm root colonization. The results indicate the potential for development of both strains for the biological control of chick pea wilt. Received: 29 April 1998  相似文献   
6.

Purpose

This study addresses the feasibility of a flotation technique, using a lab-scale flotation cell, to simultaneously remove both metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from fine sediment fractions (<250 μm) that are potentially contaminated with copper (Cu).

Materials and methods

A multiple flotation process with three consecutive flotation stages was performed on three sediments (13S, 14B, and 24A) with different particle size distributions, Cu and PAH concentrations, and organic matter contents.

Results and discussion

Flotations performed under selected conditions allowed for significant removal of both Cu (61–70 %) and PAHs (75–83 %) with acceptable froth recoveries of approximately 23–29 %. Removal rates for arsenic, lead, and zinc were 48–61, 40–48, and 32–36 %, respectively. Flotation selectivity of Cu was greatly influenced by the contents of fine particles and organic matter of the sediments. The maximum flotation selectivity was obtained for the 53–125-μm size fraction. The high flotation selectivity of Cu (2.5–3.2) and PAHs (3.0–3.6) demonstrated the feasibility of flotation to treat soils or sediments containing both organic and inorganic pollutants.

Conclusions

Overall, the flotation results showed a high selectivity for both Cu and PAHs and demonstrated the feasibility of flotation to treat media contaminated with organic and inorganic contaminants.  相似文献   
7.
This study was designed to quantify the total water requirement and consumptive water use in carp‐prawn polyculture system under different water management protocols, using water balance model. Under different water management protocols, treatment‐wise estimated total water use, TWU (×104, m3) was 3.7, 4.6 and 3.9, while the computed consumptive water use index, CWUI (m3 kg?1 biomass) was 6.62, 9.31 and 7.08, in T1 (no water exchange), T2 (periodic water exchange) and T3 (regulated water exchange) respectively. Significantly higher yield (P < 0.05) in both T2 and T3 over T1, was probably due to water exchange that improved the rearing environment. Although intensity of water exchange was more in T2, significant variation (P < 0.05) in overall growth and yield was not recorded between T2 and T3. Treatment‐wise sediment load ranged between 54.6 and 71.3 m3 t?1 biomasses. Higher sediment load was recorded at lower intensity of water exchange as well as with higher apparent feed conversion ratio. Higher net total water productivity, net consumptive water productivity and OV‐CC ratio in T3 infers that regulated water exchange has a distinct edge over the no water exchange protocol. Restricted water use instead of regular/excess water exchange not only improves the production performance and water productivity, but also helps in lessening the operational pumping cost.  相似文献   
8.
Potassium humate (PH) is a promising natural resource to be utilized as an alternative for increasing crop production. A pot experiment was conducted during 2009 and 2010 to assess the efficacy of application of potassium humate (0, 5, and 10 mg kg?1 soil) alone and in combination with chemical fertilizers (75% and 100% recommended dose of nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium) on yield and nutrient availability patterns in soil at different growth stages of rice. Two doses of zinc, viz. 0 and 12.5 mg kg?1, were also applied. Sole and combined application of potassium humate with nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) and zinc significantly (p < 0.05) improved the yield and availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc, and dehydrogenase activity in soil. Application of 10 mg kg?1 potassium humate along with 100% NPK and 12.5 mg kg?1 zinc sulfate proved significantly superior when compared to 75% and 100% of NPK alone.  相似文献   
9.
We screened soil samples collected from underneath shrubs and/or large trees at different locations in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh for xylanase-producing microorganisms. Xylose-utilizing bacteria were numerically dominant in soils of most locations whereas xylose-and xylan-utilizing actinobacteria were minor components. Xylan-utilizing fungi constituted a major share of total microbial populations in soil samples collected at half of the sites, whereas xylan-utilizing bacteria were predominant at other sampling locations. Some of the isolates of fungi exhibited xylanase activity with a range of400–4000 U/ml, indicating great potential for their uses in paper, pulping and bioethanol industries for producing value-added products.  相似文献   
10.
A Bacillus cereus strain BS 03 and a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain RRLJ 04 were studied for their effect on induction of systemic resistance against Fusarium udum wilt in pigeon pea, both individually and in combination with a rhizobial strain RH 2. Split root experiments confirmed that plants with combination treatment of PGPR and Rhizobium can survive longer than individual treatments and control. An increased level of defense-related enzymes, viz., l-phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), were also recorded in co-inoculated plants. Production of β-1,3-glucanase and polymethyl galacturonase by the pathogen in culture medium was also sharply reduced in presence of both the PGPR strains. An increased level of phenol content with a decreased level of nitrogen content was recorded in the leaves of bacterized plants grown in pathogen infested soil. Presence of BS 03 in the culture medium stimulated the production of chlamydospore-like structures in the fungal mycelium. Such structures were not observed in case of RRLJ 04 treatment but the dry weight of mycelium was reduced significantly. Fusaric acid production by the pathogen was also drastically reduced in the presence of the PGPR strains. The results promise the combined use of PGPR and rhizobia for induction of systemic resistance against fusarial wilt in pigeon pea.  相似文献   
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